Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zowongolera Kukula kwa Zomera mu Mitengo Yazipatso - Walnut

01. Kukula ndi Kukula kwa Nthambi ya Walnut

Mitengo ya mtedza imakula mwamphamvu koma imalowa nthawi ya fruiting mochedwa. Nthawi zambiri, zimatenga zaka 7-10 kuti mbande zobzalidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zilowe mu nthawi ya fruiting, ndi zaka 3-5 kwa mbande zomezanitsidwa. M’madera olima mtedza, makamaka m’dera lafulati m’mphepete mwa mapiri, chifukwa cha nthaka yokhuthala ndi yachonde, mitengo imakula molimba chaka ndi chaka, n’kumabala mitengo yokha yopanda zipatso.

Nthambi za mtedza wa chaka chimodzi zikhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu: nthambi zamasamba, nthambi zobala zipatso, ndi nthambi zamaluwa zachimuna. Nthambi zamasamba ndi nthambi zomwe zimabala masamba okha ndipo sizitha kutulutsa maluwa kapena kubala zipatso. Malingana ndi kutalika kwake, amatha kugawidwa kukhala nthambi zazifupi, nthambi zapakati, ndi nthambi zazitali. Nthambi za zipatso zimamera kuchokera ku masamba osakanikirana panthambi za mayi wa fruiting. Nthambi zamaluwa zachimuna ndi nthambi zofooka zomwe zimabereka maluwa aamuna okha; Mphukira yokhayo ili ndi masamba obiriwira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti masamba osakanikirana apange. Kukula kwa nthambi za mtedza kumakhudzidwa ndi zaka, kadyedwe, malo, ndi malo. Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yaing'ono ndi nthambi zolimba zimatha kukhala ndi mizere iwiri yakukula pachaka, kupanga mphukira za masika ndi autumn. Kukula kwachiwiri kumachepa ndi zaka. Kawirikawiri, kukula kwakukulu kwachiwiri kumayambitsa kufooka kwa thupi, kumachepetsa zakudya zamtengo wapatali, ndipo kumalepheretsa nthambi kupitirira.

Kupondereza moyenerera kukula kwa zomera ndi kulimbikitsa kukula kwa ubereki pogwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zakukula ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga.

Njira Zaukadaulo Zowongolera Kukula kwa Vegetative ndi Kulimbikitsa Kubala Zipatso:

01. Paclobutrazol:
Kwa mitengo yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso maluwa osakwanira aamuna, ikani 15% Paclobutrazol (Paclo) ufa wonyezimira m'nthaka mu April kapena September, pa mlingo wa 2-3g pa mita imodzi ya malo owonetsera denga; kapena utsi ndi 150-khola dilution wa 15% Paclobutrazol 2-3 zina kuyambira June kuti September. Izi zimalepheretsa kukula kwa vegetative.

02. Chlormequat Chloride:
Chlormequat imakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa nthambi zatsopano mumitengo ya mtedza. Pofuna kupondereza kukula kwa vegetative, kuchuluka kwa 200mg/L kumalimbikitsidwa. Kuwongolera mosamalitsa ndikofunikira pakagwiritsidwe ntchito, chifukwa kuchuluka kwambiri kumatha kuwononga photosynthesis. Kuonjezera apo, pamene Chlormequat Chloride imatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa zipatso ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la zipatso, imachepetsa ubwino wa zipatso. Popanga zenizeni, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti zimagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza ndi boric acid, zomwe zimatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa zipatso ndikuwonjezera zokolola popanda kuchepetsa zipatso.

03 Ethephon
Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 500-1500 mg/L Ethephon kawiri pa 15-day intervals kumayambiriro siteji ya kukula mphukira akhoza kuchepetsa kutalika kwa achinyamata mtedza mitengo ndi kulimbikitsa oyambirira fruiting. Kupopera mankhwala ndi 1500 mg/L Ethephon ndikothandiza kwambiri.

04 1-Naphthyl Acetic Acid (NAA)
Kupaka 50-125 mg/L NAA pa thunthu pa nthawi ya maluwa kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa zipatso kukhala mosiyanasiyana. Mayesero adawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito 75 mg/L ku thunthu kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zipatso ndi avareji ya 33% pazaka zinayi.

Kulimbikitsa Kukhwima kwa Zipatso ndi Peeling

01. Makhalidwe a Walnut Zipatso Kukhwima
Kukolola panthawi yake ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mtedza. Kukolola panthawi yake kokha kungathe kukwaniritsa cholinga cha walnuts apamwamba komanso okolola kwambiri. Zipatso za Walnut zimazunguliridwa ndi mankhusu, mkati mwake muli chipolopolo cholimba (chipolopolo cha mtedza) ndi kernel. Mankhusu ndi njere zimakhwima nthawi zosiyanasiyana; Njere nthawi zambiri imakhwima, kenako mankhusu. Walnuts ayenera kukhwima asanakolole. Kukolola msanga kwambiri kumapangitsa mankhusu kukhala ovuta kusenda, kernel kusakula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti koroli ikhale yochepa komanso mafuta ochepa omwe amachotsedwa panthawi yokonza, ndipo mtedzawo suyenera kusungidwa. Kukolola mochedwa kumapangitsa kuti chipatso chigwe mosavuta, ndipo chipatsocho chimakhalabe pamtengo kwa nthawi yayitali mankhusu atasweka, kuonjezera mwayi wa matenda a nkhungu ndikupangitsa kutsika kwa mtedza. Zizindikiro za kukhwima kwa zipatso za mtedza ndikuti mankhusu amasintha kuchoka kumdima wobiriwira kukhala wachikasu chopepuka, 30% ya chipatsocho chasweka pamwamba, 30% ya mankhusu amasenda mosavuta, ndipo zipatso zina zimagwa. Panthawiyi, mtedza wa mtedza uli wodzaza, mluza wakhwima, ma cotyledons alimba, ndipo kukoma kwake kumakhala kochuluka komanso konunkhira, kusonyeza nthawi yokolola bwino. Chifukwa chake, panthawi yomwe ma walnuts atsala pang'ono kukhwima, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kukula kwawo kuti athe kukolola munthawi yake. Nthawi yakucha ya walnuts imasiyanasiyana kutengera mitundu ndi nyengo, ndipo nthawi yokolola iyenera kutsimikiziridwa motengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza nthawi yakucha.

Kusintha kwa kupuma, kutulutsidwa kwa ethylene, komanso zomwe zili m'mahomoni amtundu wa IAA, ABA, GA3, ZR, ndi Z (zeatin) pakucha zipatso za mtedza adayesedwa. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti, kupatula zomwe zili pamwamba pa Z mu kernel, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ena munkhuku wobiriwira anali wokwera kuposa omwe ali mu kernel. Pamene zipatsozo zimacha, zomwe zili mu IAA, GA3, Z, ZR, ndi ethylene kumasulidwa zonse zimasonyeza kuchepa, pamene ABA zomwe zili mu mankhusu obiriwira zimawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Pambuyo pa kucha kwa zipatso, zomwe zili mu GA3 mu mankhusu obiriwira ndi Z mu kernel zinawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo kutulutsidwa kwa ethylene ku chipatso kunakula kwambiri, ndi kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa ethylene kumasulidwa pambuyo pokolola. Kafukufukuyu adatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa kupuma ndi kutulutsidwa kwa ethylene kunali kofanana, ndipo kupuma kwa zipatso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ethephon pambuyo pokolola kunakula kwambiri.


02. Njira Zaukadaulo Zolimbikitsa Kucha kwa Zipatso ndi Peeling

(1) Ethephon

Zipatso zochepa za mtedza zikang'ambika, utsi ndi 500-1000 mg/L Ethephon (ndi 0.1% -0.2% chotsukira zovala ngati zomatira). Pambuyo pa masiku atatu, peel ya zipatso imasanduka yobiriwira, ndipo patatha masiku 6-7, zipatso zoposa 95% zimasweka, zomwe zimalola kukolola masiku 14-15 m'mbuyomu. Komabe, izi zimayambitsa kugwa kwamasamba koyambirira, zomwe zimawononga maluwa ndi kukhazikika kwa zipatso chaka chotsatira.

Utsi ndi 500-2000 mg/L Ethephon masiku 10-20 mtedza kukolola kupanga abscission wosanjikiza pa phesi zipatso, kuchititsa wobiriwira peel kusweka. Kenako, gwiritsani ntchito kugwedezeka kwa makina kugwedeza thunthu, kupangitsa kuti chipatso chigwe pansi. Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti peel yobiriwira ndiyosavuta kupukuta, ndipo pamwamba pazipatso sizimaipitsidwa. Komabe, walnuts wochepa thupi amatha kukolola pamanja, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kupopera kwa ethephon pamitengo kuti kucha nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kugwa kwakukulu kwa masamba. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi osakaniza 125 mg/L Ethephon ndi 250 mg/L (kapena 500 mg/L) NAA masabata 2-3 kukolola akhoza kukwaniritsa 100% kusweka kwa mankhusu wobiriwira pamene kuchepetsa tsamba dontho kwa pafupifupi 20%, ofanana ndi masamba kugwa kwa mtengo wokolola, kupereka umboni wamba pa nthawi yokolola mtedza.

Mukakolola, kuviika kapena kuviika mtedza wokhwima wokolola mu 0.3% -0.5% yankho la Ethephon limapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pochotsa mankhusu obiriwira, ndi peel mlingo woposa 95%. Kapenanso, mutatha kukolola, ikani chipatsocho pamalo abwino mpweya wabwino ndikupopera zipatso zobiriwira ndi 3000-5000 mg/L Ethephon yankho, ndikuyambitsanso bwino kuti mutsimikizire ngakhale zokutira. Pansi pa 30 ℃ ndi 80% -90% chinyezi wachibale, kuchuluka kwa peel kumafika pa 95% m'masiku 3-4. Nthawi yakucha komanso kuchuluka kwa Ethephon zimagwirizana ndi kukhwima kwa chipatsocho. Kukhwima kwa zipatso kumafuna kuchulukirachulukira komanso nthawi yayifupi yakucha.