Mavuto ndi kusanthula mlandu wa kuvulaza kwa mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito owongolera kukula kwa mbewu
Zotsatira za owongolera kukula kwa mbewu zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza mitundu ya mbewu, magawo okulirapo, malo ogwiritsira ntchito, mitundu yowongolera, kuchuluka kwake, njira zogwiritsira ntchito, ndi malo akunja.
Pogwiritsira ntchito zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera, vuto la kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndilofunika kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zowongolera kukula kwa zomera kudzera muzochitika zisanu zenizeni za kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
1. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito molakwika ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.
Pali malamulo okhwima pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zowongolera kukula kwa zomera. Ngati nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito siidasankhidwe moyenera, imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola kapena kutayika kwa mbewu. Potengera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Forchlorfenuron pa chivwende mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa Meyi 2011, mavwende a anthu akumidzi ku Yanling Town, Danyang City, Province la Jiangsu, adaphulika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito "hormone yokulitsa mavwende". Ndipotu, kuphulika kwa mavwende sikumayambitsidwa mwachindunji ndi hormone yowonjezera mavwende, koma chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pa nthawi yosayenera. Forchlorfenuron, nthawi yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito ndi tsiku la maluwa a chivwende kapena tsiku limodzi lisanayambe kapena pambuyo pake, ndipo kuchuluka kwa 10-20μg/g kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamphuno ya vwende. Komabe, ngati chivwende chikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mimba mwake kuposa 15cm, zimayambitsa phytotoxicity, yomwe imawonetsedwa ngati chivwende chopanda kanthu, thupi lotayirira, kutsekemera kocheperako komanso kukoma koyipa. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimatha kuyambitsa chivwende kuphulika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa Forchlorfenuron si conductive, ngati chivwende si wogawana TACHIMATA, akhoza kutulutsa mavwende olumala.
2. Mlingo wolakwika ndi chifukwa chofala cha phytotoxicity.
Chiwongoladzanja chilichonse cha kukula kwa zomera chimakhala ndi mlingo wake wosiyana.
Mlingo wochepa kwambiri sungathe kukwaniritsa zomwe zikuyembekezeka, pomwe mlingo wochulukirapo ungayambitse phytotoxicity. Kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito Ethephon pa mtundu wa mphesa monga chitsanzo, mu 2010, alimi a zipatso ku Mianyang, Sichuan adapeza kuti mphesa zomwe adabzala zidagwa zisanakhwime, zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Ethephon molakwika.
Kusanthula: Ethephon imachita bwino polimbikitsa mitundu ya mphesa, koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa iyenera kulabadira kusintha ndende mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa, ndipo njira yopopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kukolola ndi kugulitsa pang'onopang'ono iyenera kutsatiridwa kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kosafunikira. Mlimiyo adalephera kusiyanitsa mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake ndikuzipopera zonse ndi 500μg/g ya Ethephon, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mphesa zambiri zigwe.
3. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imakhala ndi kukhudzidwa kosiyanasiyana kwa chowongolera kukula kwa mbewu
Popeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imakhudzidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi chowongolera kukula kwa mbewu, kusamala kuyenera kuchitidwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Mayeso ang'onoang'ono amayenera kuchitidwa poyamba kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima asanakwezedwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, α-Naphthyl Acetic Acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira maluwa, kusunga zipatso ndi kutupa kwa zipatso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kwambiri thonje, mitengo ya zipatso ndi mavwende. Komabe, mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzidwa ndi izi. Mwachitsanzo, chivwende chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi α-Naphthyl Acetic Acid, ndipo ndende yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito iyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa, apo ayi ikhoza kuwononga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mlimi wa vwende sanaganizire za mtundu wa chivwende ndipo adawapopera malinga ndi momwe mavwende amachitira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti masamba a mavwende atembenuke.
4.Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala
Ngakhale chowongolera kakulidwe ka mbeu chikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbeu yomweyo, chikhoza kuwononga mankhwala ngati sichigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito Gibberellic Acid (GA3) pa mphesa kumafuna nthawi yolondola komanso kukhazikika. Ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, monga kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'malo moviika masango a zipatso, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula kosiyanasiyana, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri zokolola ndi ubwino wake.
5.Kuphatikiza mwachisawawa kwa zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza mwachisawawa kwa owongolera kukula kwa zomera kungayambitsenso mavuto. Pakhoza kukhala kuyanjana pakati pa zowongolera zakukula kwa mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakhazikika bwino kapena zovuta. Choncho, malangizo a akatswiri ayenera kutsatiridwa powagwiritsa ntchito kuti atsimikizire chitetezo ndi mphamvu.
Ukadaulo wophatikizika wamawu owongolera kukula kwa mbewu nthawi zambiri ukhoza kukwaniritsa zotsatira zofananira pambuyo powunika mosamalitsa ma fomula ndikutsimikizira kuyesedwa kwamunda.
6.Milandu ina yosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera, njira yoyenera, nthawi ndi ndende ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwira ntchito yawo ndikupewa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito paclobutrazol pamitengo ya maapulo kungayambitse mavuto aakulu ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Mitengo ya maapulo ikakula kukhala mbewu zobala zipatso, kugwiritsa ntchito 2 mpaka 3 magalamu a Paclobutrazol kumizu ya mtengo uliwonse pafupifupi 5 metres kuzungulira nthawi yophukira kwa sabata imodzi kumatha kuwongolera kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano mchaka chachiwiri, ndipo imagwirabe ntchito. m’chaka chachitatu. Komabe, ngati Paclobutrazol imatsitsidwa pamlingo wa 300 micrograms/gramu pamene mphukira zatsopano za mitengo ya maapulo zimakula mpaka 5 mpaka 10 cm, ngakhale zimatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano, ngati mlingo uli wosayenera, ukhoza kulepheretsa kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano. Kukula kwabwino kwa mitengo ya maapulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola komanso kuchepa kwa zipatso.
Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe ndizinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya owongolera kukula kwa zomera.
Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za 1-Naphthyl Acetic Acid pakusunga zipatso za phwetekere zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Pamene kutentha kuli pansi pa 20 ℃ kapena pamwamba pa 35 ℃, zotsatira zoteteza zipatso sizili zabwino; pamene kutentha kwa 25-30 ℃, kusungirako zipatso kumakhala koyenera kwambiri. Mofananamo, kugwiritsa ntchito Forchlorfenuron pa nkhaka kumafunikanso kulabadira nthawi yake. Iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa tsiku limene nkhaka zikuphuka. Ngati nthawiyo yaphonya kapena mlingo uli wosayenera, nkhaka ikhoza kupitiriza kukula mufiriji, koma kukoma ndi khalidwe zidzachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Pogwiritsira ntchito zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera, vuto la kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndilofunika kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zowongolera kukula kwa zomera kudzera muzochitika zisanu zenizeni za kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
1. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito molakwika ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.
Pali malamulo okhwima pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zowongolera kukula kwa zomera. Ngati nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito siidasankhidwe moyenera, imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola kapena kutayika kwa mbewu. Potengera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Forchlorfenuron pa chivwende mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa Meyi 2011, mavwende a anthu akumidzi ku Yanling Town, Danyang City, Province la Jiangsu, adaphulika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito "hormone yokulitsa mavwende". Ndipotu, kuphulika kwa mavwende sikumayambitsidwa mwachindunji ndi hormone yowonjezera mavwende, koma chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pa nthawi yosayenera. Forchlorfenuron, nthawi yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito ndi tsiku la maluwa a chivwende kapena tsiku limodzi lisanayambe kapena pambuyo pake, ndipo kuchuluka kwa 10-20μg/g kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamphuno ya vwende. Komabe, ngati chivwende chikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mimba mwake kuposa 15cm, zimayambitsa phytotoxicity, yomwe imawonetsedwa ngati chivwende chopanda kanthu, thupi lotayirira, kutsekemera kocheperako komanso kukoma koyipa. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimatha kuyambitsa chivwende kuphulika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa Forchlorfenuron si conductive, ngati chivwende si wogawana TACHIMATA, akhoza kutulutsa mavwende olumala.
2. Mlingo wolakwika ndi chifukwa chofala cha phytotoxicity.
Chiwongoladzanja chilichonse cha kukula kwa zomera chimakhala ndi mlingo wake wosiyana.
Mlingo wochepa kwambiri sungathe kukwaniritsa zomwe zikuyembekezeka, pomwe mlingo wochulukirapo ungayambitse phytotoxicity. Kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito Ethephon pa mtundu wa mphesa monga chitsanzo, mu 2010, alimi a zipatso ku Mianyang, Sichuan adapeza kuti mphesa zomwe adabzala zidagwa zisanakhwime, zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Ethephon molakwika.
Kusanthula: Ethephon imachita bwino polimbikitsa mitundu ya mphesa, koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa iyenera kulabadira kusintha ndende mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa, ndipo njira yopopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kukolola ndi kugulitsa pang'onopang'ono iyenera kutsatiridwa kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kosafunikira. Mlimiyo adalephera kusiyanitsa mphesa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake ndikuzipopera zonse ndi 500μg/g ya Ethephon, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mphesa zambiri zigwe.
3. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imakhala ndi kukhudzidwa kosiyanasiyana kwa chowongolera kukula kwa mbewu
Popeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imakhudzidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi chowongolera kukula kwa mbewu, kusamala kuyenera kuchitidwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Mayeso ang'onoang'ono amayenera kuchitidwa poyamba kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima asanakwezedwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, α-Naphthyl Acetic Acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira maluwa, kusunga zipatso ndi kutupa kwa zipatso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kwambiri thonje, mitengo ya zipatso ndi mavwende. Komabe, mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzidwa ndi izi. Mwachitsanzo, chivwende chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi α-Naphthyl Acetic Acid, ndipo ndende yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito iyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa, apo ayi ikhoza kuwononga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mlimi wa vwende sanaganizire za mtundu wa chivwende ndipo adawapopera malinga ndi momwe mavwende amachitira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti masamba a mavwende atembenuke.
4.Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala
Ngakhale chowongolera kakulidwe ka mbeu chikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbeu yomweyo, chikhoza kuwononga mankhwala ngati sichigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito Gibberellic Acid (GA3) pa mphesa kumafuna nthawi yolondola komanso kukhazikika. Ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, monga kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'malo moviika masango a zipatso, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula kosiyanasiyana, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri zokolola ndi ubwino wake.
5.Kuphatikiza mwachisawawa kwa zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza mwachisawawa kwa owongolera kukula kwa zomera kungayambitsenso mavuto. Pakhoza kukhala kuyanjana pakati pa zowongolera zakukula kwa mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakhazikika bwino kapena zovuta. Choncho, malangizo a akatswiri ayenera kutsatiridwa powagwiritsa ntchito kuti atsimikizire chitetezo ndi mphamvu.
Ukadaulo wophatikizika wamawu owongolera kukula kwa mbewu nthawi zambiri ukhoza kukwaniritsa zotsatira zofananira pambuyo powunika mosamalitsa ma fomula ndikutsimikizira kuyesedwa kwamunda.
6.Milandu ina yosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera, njira yoyenera, nthawi ndi ndende ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwira ntchito yawo ndikupewa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito paclobutrazol pamitengo ya maapulo kungayambitse mavuto aakulu ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Mitengo ya maapulo ikakula kukhala mbewu zobala zipatso, kugwiritsa ntchito 2 mpaka 3 magalamu a Paclobutrazol kumizu ya mtengo uliwonse pafupifupi 5 metres kuzungulira nthawi yophukira kwa sabata imodzi kumatha kuwongolera kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano mchaka chachiwiri, ndipo imagwirabe ntchito. m’chaka chachitatu. Komabe, ngati Paclobutrazol imatsitsidwa pamlingo wa 300 micrograms/gramu pamene mphukira zatsopano za mitengo ya maapulo zimakula mpaka 5 mpaka 10 cm, ngakhale zimatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano, ngati mlingo uli wosayenera, ukhoza kulepheretsa kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano. Kukula kwabwino kwa mitengo ya maapulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola komanso kuchepa kwa zipatso.
Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe ndizinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya owongolera kukula kwa zomera.
Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za 1-Naphthyl Acetic Acid pakusunga zipatso za phwetekere zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Pamene kutentha kuli pansi pa 20 ℃ kapena pamwamba pa 35 ℃, zotsatira zoteteza zipatso sizili zabwino; pamene kutentha kwa 25-30 ℃, kusungirako zipatso kumakhala koyenera kwambiri. Mofananamo, kugwiritsa ntchito Forchlorfenuron pa nkhaka kumafunikanso kulabadira nthawi yake. Iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa tsiku limene nkhaka zikuphuka. Ngati nthawiyo yaphonya kapena mlingo uli wosayenera, nkhaka ikhoza kupitiriza kukula mufiriji, koma kukoma ndi khalidwe zidzachepetsedwa kwambiri.
