Inkcazo emfutshane yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo (PGRs) ziikhompawundi zekhemikhali ezenziwe ngobuchule ezineempembelelo ezifanayo zomzimba kunye nezakhiwo zeekhemikhali ezifanayo njengeehomoni zezityalo ezingapheliyo. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezitshabalalisi kwaye ludidi lwezitshabalalisi ezilawula ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso, kubandakanywa iikhompawundi zokwenziwa ezifana neehomoni zezityalo zendalo kunye namahomoni akhutshwe ngokuthe ngqo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Isilawuli sokukhula kwezityalo yinto entsha eyenziwe ngobuchule okanye ikhuliswe ukuba ibe neziphumo ezifanayo zomzimba kunye nebhayoloji kwiihomoni zezityalo. Ukuze kulawulwe ngokufanelekileyo inkqubo yokukhula kwezityalo kwimveliso yezolimo, ukuphucula umgangatho wezityalo, ukwandisa ukumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo, ukuzinzisa isivuno kunye nokwandisa isivuno, njl.
Ezinye izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zinokuveliswa zizityalo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kodwa zinokungeniswa kwizityalo ngokutshiza. Umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo ulawula ukwahlukana kweeseli zezityalo, ukwandiswa, ukwahlula kwezicubu kunye nokwahlulwa kwamalungu, ukuqhakaza kwentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, ukuvuthwa kunye nesenescence, i-dormancy kunye nokuhluma, ngokulandelelana okanye ngokubambisana omnye komnye, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso ukufezekisa iziphumo ezifunwayo.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zinokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezintathu ngokwendima yazo:
Udidi lokuqala ngabakhuthazi bokukhula kwezityalo.
Inokukhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli zezityalo, ukwahlula kunye nokwandisa, ikhuthaze ukukhula kwamalungu ezityalo kunye nophuhliso lwamalungu okuzala, ithintele ukuwa kwesiqhamo, ikhuthaze ukuhluma kwezityalo kunye nokuntshula, kwaye ibangele i-parthenocarpy. Indima yokulawula ifana ne-auxins, i-cytokinins okanye i-gibberellins phakathi kweehomoni zezityalo ezingapheliyo. Abakhuthazi bezityalo eziqhelekileyo baquka i-indole-3-acetic acid, i-indole-3-butyric acid, i-α-naphthylacetic acid, i-6-BA, i-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, kunye ne-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Udidi lwesibini luzithinteli zokukhula kwezityalo.
Inokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo ze-apical meristems kunye nokuhluma kwezityalo, ukuphelisa inzuzo ye-apical kunye nokwandisa amagatsha ecala, kunye nokuphelisa ukhula, njl. Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emininzi inokusebenza njengezithinteli zokukhula xa isetyenziswa kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu. Umphumo wokulawula ufana ne-abscisic acid kwiihomoni zezityalo ezingapheliyo. Iinhibitors eziqhelekileyo zokukhula kwezityalo ziquka i-maleic acid hydrazide, i-glyphosate, i-plasticine, i-statin, i-statin, i-triiodobenzoic acid, njl.
Udidi lwesithathu luzithinteli ekukhuleni kwezityalo.
Inokuthintela ukukhula kweemeristems zesityalo ezisezantsi kweapical kwaye inqanda ubude be-internodes ngaphandle kokuthintela ukukhula kweeterminal buds. Yenza iziqu zesityalo zibe mfutshane kwaye zibe ngqindilili, kwaye kwandisa ubukhulu kunye nomxholo we-chlorophyll wamagqabi. Ekubeni ngokuyintloko ilawula i-synthesis ye-gibberellins kwizityalo, imiphumo yayo inokubuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa i-gibberellins. Izithinteli eziqhelekileyo zokukhula kwezityalo ziquka: i-chlormequat, i-benzylamine, i-paclobutrazol, i-butyrohydrazide, i-uniconazole, i-trinexapac-ethyl, njl.
Indlela yokusebenzisa umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo?
1. Idosi yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka ifaneleke kwaye inganyuswa ngokuthanda kwayo. Ukwandisa umthamo okanye ugxininiso ngokuthanda akuyi kusilela kuphela ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo, kodwa kuya kuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo kwaye kukhokelela ekukhubazekeni kwamagqabi, amagqabi omileyo kunye nokufa kwesityalo sonke.
2. Ulawulo lokukhula kwezityalo alunakuxutywa ngokuthanda kwakhe. Amafama amaninzi ahlala exuba izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo nezinye izichumisi, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi, nemichiza yokungunda. Ingaba i-Plant Growth Regulator inokuxutywa kunye nezichumisi zekhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane kunye nezinye izinto kufuneka zichongwe ngovavanyo oluphindaphindiweyo emva kokufunda ngokucophelela imiyalelo. Ngaphandle koko, akuyi kuphumelela kuphela ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho okanye ukukhusela iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, kodwa kuya kubangela ingozi kwizityalo.
3. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngokunengqiqo. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka kulungiswe kwisisombululo somama kwangaphambili, ngaphandle koko kuya kuba nzima ukuxuba i-arhente kwaye kuya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umphumo wokusetyenziswa. Kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngokwemiyalelo xa uyisebenzisa. Nika ingqalelo kumanyathelo okukhusela xa usebenzisa.
4. Umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo akanakuthatha indawo yezichumisi zekhemikhali. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezityalo sinokudlala indima yolawulo kuphela kwaye asinakusetyenziswa njengendawo yokuthatha indawo yezichumisi. Kwimeko yokungonelanga kwamanzi kunye nesichumiso, ukutshiza kakhulu ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezityalo kuyingozi kwizityalo.
Iinzuzo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo
1. Umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo unoluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi kunye nezicelo. Umda wokusetyenziswa kwe-Plant Growth Regulator ibandakanya phantse zonke izityalo eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi kwishishini lokutyala, kwaye ilawula iphotosynthesis, ukuphefumla, ukufunxwa kwezinto kunye nendlela yokusebenza kwezityalo, ukuhanjiswa komqondiso, ukuvulwa kunye nokuvalwa kwe-stomata, kunye nokulawulwa koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. , i-transpiration kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-physiological, ngaloo ndlela zilawula ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo, ukuphucula intsebenziswano phakathi kwezityalo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukwandisa ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwezityalo, ukwandisa isivuno, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weemveliso zezolimo.
2. I-dosage incinci, isantya sikhawuleza, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kuphezulu. Uninzi lwezityalo lufuna ukutshizwa kube kanye ngexesha elibekiweyo kwixesha lonyaka.
3. Iyakwazi ukulawula i-bidirectionally iimpawu zangaphandle kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi ze-physiological zezityalo.
4. Kujongwe kakhulu kwaye kubuchwephesha. Inokusombulula ezinye iingxaki ekunzima ukuzicombulula ngezinye iindlela, njengokuvela kweziqhamo ezingenazimbewu.
Isishwankathelo solawulo lokukhula kwezityalo
Xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe bezolimo bemveli, ukusetyenziswa kokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kuneenzuzo zeendleko eziphantsi, iziphumo ezikhawulezayo, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, kunye nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kube yenye yamanyathelo abalulekileyo kwezolimo zanamhlanje. Ulawulo lokukhula kwezityalo lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezityalo eziziinkozo, izityalo eziziinkozo kunye ne-oyile, imifuno, imithi yeziqhamo, izityalo zezityalo, izinto zonyango zaseTshayina, kunye nokungunda okutyiwayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izitshabalalisi kunye neemveliso zesichumiso, iphucula umgangatho wesityalo ngokukhawuleza kwaye inomlinganiselo omkhulu wemveliso.
Ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezityalo kuya kudlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni okanye ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezityalo, ekwandiseni ukumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo, ukwandisa isivuno, ukuphucula umgangatho wezityalo, njl. njl., kwaye kuluncedo kwimveliso yezolimo enkulu nenzulu. Ixutywe kunye ne-fungicides, izichumisi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, njl., kwaye ziyinkxaso ebalulekileyo yokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi.
Isilawuli sokukhula kwezityalo yinto entsha eyenziwe ngobuchule okanye ikhuliswe ukuba ibe neziphumo ezifanayo zomzimba kunye nebhayoloji kwiihomoni zezityalo. Ukuze kulawulwe ngokufanelekileyo inkqubo yokukhula kwezityalo kwimveliso yezolimo, ukuphucula umgangatho wezityalo, ukwandisa ukumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo, ukuzinzisa isivuno kunye nokwandisa isivuno, njl.
Ezinye izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zinokuveliswa zizityalo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kodwa zinokungeniswa kwizityalo ngokutshiza. Umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo ulawula ukwahlukana kweeseli zezityalo, ukwandiswa, ukwahlula kwezicubu kunye nokwahlulwa kwamalungu, ukuqhakaza kwentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, ukuvuthwa kunye nesenescence, i-dormancy kunye nokuhluma, ngokulandelelana okanye ngokubambisana omnye komnye, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso ukufezekisa iziphumo ezifunwayo.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zinokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezintathu ngokwendima yazo:
Udidi lokuqala ngabakhuthazi bokukhula kwezityalo.
Inokukhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli zezityalo, ukwahlula kunye nokwandisa, ikhuthaze ukukhula kwamalungu ezityalo kunye nophuhliso lwamalungu okuzala, ithintele ukuwa kwesiqhamo, ikhuthaze ukuhluma kwezityalo kunye nokuntshula, kwaye ibangele i-parthenocarpy. Indima yokulawula ifana ne-auxins, i-cytokinins okanye i-gibberellins phakathi kweehomoni zezityalo ezingapheliyo. Abakhuthazi bezityalo eziqhelekileyo baquka i-indole-3-acetic acid, i-indole-3-butyric acid, i-α-naphthylacetic acid, i-6-BA, i-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, kunye ne-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Udidi lwesibini luzithinteli zokukhula kwezityalo.
Inokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo ze-apical meristems kunye nokuhluma kwezityalo, ukuphelisa inzuzo ye-apical kunye nokwandisa amagatsha ecala, kunye nokuphelisa ukhula, njl. Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emininzi inokusebenza njengezithinteli zokukhula xa isetyenziswa kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu. Umphumo wokulawula ufana ne-abscisic acid kwiihomoni zezityalo ezingapheliyo. Iinhibitors eziqhelekileyo zokukhula kwezityalo ziquka i-maleic acid hydrazide, i-glyphosate, i-plasticine, i-statin, i-statin, i-triiodobenzoic acid, njl.
Udidi lwesithathu luzithinteli ekukhuleni kwezityalo.
Inokuthintela ukukhula kweemeristems zesityalo ezisezantsi kweapical kwaye inqanda ubude be-internodes ngaphandle kokuthintela ukukhula kweeterminal buds. Yenza iziqu zesityalo zibe mfutshane kwaye zibe ngqindilili, kwaye kwandisa ubukhulu kunye nomxholo we-chlorophyll wamagqabi. Ekubeni ngokuyintloko ilawula i-synthesis ye-gibberellins kwizityalo, imiphumo yayo inokubuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa i-gibberellins. Izithinteli eziqhelekileyo zokukhula kwezityalo ziquka: i-chlormequat, i-benzylamine, i-paclobutrazol, i-butyrohydrazide, i-uniconazole, i-trinexapac-ethyl, njl.
Indlela yokusebenzisa umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo?
1. Idosi yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka ifaneleke kwaye inganyuswa ngokuthanda kwayo. Ukwandisa umthamo okanye ugxininiso ngokuthanda akuyi kusilela kuphela ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo, kodwa kuya kuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo kwaye kukhokelela ekukhubazekeni kwamagqabi, amagqabi omileyo kunye nokufa kwesityalo sonke.
2. Ulawulo lokukhula kwezityalo alunakuxutywa ngokuthanda kwakhe. Amafama amaninzi ahlala exuba izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo nezinye izichumisi, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi, nemichiza yokungunda. Ingaba i-Plant Growth Regulator inokuxutywa kunye nezichumisi zekhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane kunye nezinye izinto kufuneka zichongwe ngovavanyo oluphindaphindiweyo emva kokufunda ngokucophelela imiyalelo. Ngaphandle koko, akuyi kuphumelela kuphela ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho okanye ukukhusela iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, kodwa kuya kubangela ingozi kwizityalo.
3. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngokunengqiqo. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka kulungiswe kwisisombululo somama kwangaphambili, ngaphandle koko kuya kuba nzima ukuxuba i-arhente kwaye kuya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umphumo wokusetyenziswa. Kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngokwemiyalelo xa uyisebenzisa. Nika ingqalelo kumanyathelo okukhusela xa usebenzisa.
4. Umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo akanakuthatha indawo yezichumisi zekhemikhali. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezityalo sinokudlala indima yolawulo kuphela kwaye asinakusetyenziswa njengendawo yokuthatha indawo yezichumisi. Kwimeko yokungonelanga kwamanzi kunye nesichumiso, ukutshiza kakhulu ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezityalo kuyingozi kwizityalo.
Iinzuzo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo
1. Umlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo unoluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi kunye nezicelo. Umda wokusetyenziswa kwe-Plant Growth Regulator ibandakanya phantse zonke izityalo eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi kwishishini lokutyala, kwaye ilawula iphotosynthesis, ukuphefumla, ukufunxwa kwezinto kunye nendlela yokusebenza kwezityalo, ukuhanjiswa komqondiso, ukuvulwa kunye nokuvalwa kwe-stomata, kunye nokulawulwa koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. , i-transpiration kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-physiological, ngaloo ndlela zilawula ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo, ukuphucula intsebenziswano phakathi kwezityalo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukwandisa ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwezityalo, ukwandisa isivuno, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weemveliso zezolimo.
2. I-dosage incinci, isantya sikhawuleza, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kuphezulu. Uninzi lwezityalo lufuna ukutshizwa kube kanye ngexesha elibekiweyo kwixesha lonyaka.
3. Iyakwazi ukulawula i-bidirectionally iimpawu zangaphandle kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi ze-physiological zezityalo.
4. Kujongwe kakhulu kwaye kubuchwephesha. Inokusombulula ezinye iingxaki ekunzima ukuzicombulula ngezinye iindlela, njengokuvela kweziqhamo ezingenazimbewu.
Isishwankathelo solawulo lokukhula kwezityalo
Xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe bezolimo bemveli, ukusetyenziswa kokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kuneenzuzo zeendleko eziphantsi, iziphumo ezikhawulezayo, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, kunye nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kube yenye yamanyathelo abalulekileyo kwezolimo zanamhlanje. Ulawulo lokukhula kwezityalo lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezityalo eziziinkozo, izityalo eziziinkozo kunye ne-oyile, imifuno, imithi yeziqhamo, izityalo zezityalo, izinto zonyango zaseTshayina, kunye nokungunda okutyiwayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izitshabalalisi kunye neemveliso zesichumiso, iphucula umgangatho wesityalo ngokukhawuleza kwaye inomlinganiselo omkhulu wemveliso.
Ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezityalo kuya kudlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni okanye ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezityalo, ekwandiseni ukumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo, ukwandisa isivuno, ukuphucula umgangatho wezityalo, njl. njl., kwaye kuluncedo kwimveliso yezolimo enkulu nenzulu. Ixutywe kunye ne-fungicides, izichumisi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, njl., kwaye ziyinkxaso ebalulekileyo yokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi.
