Iintlobo kunye nemisebenzi yehomoni yokukhula kwezityalo

Kukho iintlobo ze-6 ze-hormone zokukhula kwezityalo, ezizezi i-auxin, i-Gibberellic Acid GA3, i-Cytokinin, i-ethylene, i-abscisic acid kunye ne-brassinosteroids, i-BRs.

Ihomoni yokukhula kwezityalo, ekwabizwa ngokuba ziihomoni zendalo zesityalo okanye iihomoni ezingapheliyo zezityalo, zibhekisa kumanani omkhondo wezinto eziphilayo eziveliswe kwizityalo ezinokulawula (ukukhuthaza, ukuthintela) ezazo iinkqubo zomzimba.

1. Iintlobo zehomoni yokukhula kwezityalo
Okwangoku kukho iindidi ezintlanu ezaziwayo ze-phytohormones, ezizezi, i-auxin, i-Gibberellic Acid GA3, i-Cytokinin, i-ethylene, kunye ne-abscisic acid. Kutshanje, i-brassinosteroids (BRs) ziye zaqatshelwa ngokuthe ngcembe njengodidi lwesithandathu olukhulu lwe-phytohormones.
1. auxin
(1) Ukufunyaniswa: i-auxin yeyona hormone yesityalo sokuqala efunyenweyo.
(2) Ukusasazwa: i-auxin isasazwa ngokubanzi kwizityalo, kodwa isasazwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezikhula ngamandla kunye nezincinci. Okunje: incam yesiqu, ingcambu yencam, igumbi lokuchumisa, njl.
(3) Uthutho: Kukho ukuthuthwa kwe-polar (kunokuhanjiswa kuphela ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-morphology ukuya kwinqanaba elisezantsi kwaye alikwazi ukuhanjiswa kwicala elingasemva) kunye neziganeko zezothutho ezingekho phantsi. Kwisiqu sikwi-phloem, kwi-coleoptile ziiseli ze-parenchyma, kwaye egqabini lisemithanjeni.

I-2.Gibberellic Acid (GA3)
(1) Ebizwa ngokuba yi-Gibberellic Acid GA3 kwi-1938; Ubume bayo bemichiza bachongwa ngo-1959.
(2) Indawo ye-Synthesis: I-Gibberellic Acid GA3 ifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kwizityalo eziphezulu, kwaye indawo enomsebenzi ophezulu we-Gibberellic Acid GA3 yindawo yokukhula kwezityalo.
(3) Ukuthutha: I-Gibberellic Acid GA3 ayinayo i-polar transport kwizityalo. Emva kokuhlanganiswa emzimbeni, inokuthuthwa kumacala amabini, ukuhla nge-phloem, kunye nokunyuka nge-xylem kunye nokunyuka kunye nokuhamba kokuphefumula.

3. Cytokinin
(1) Ukufunyanwa: Ukususela kwi-1962 ukuya kwi-1964, i-Cytokinin yendalo yaqala ukuhlukaniswa kwi-corn corn kernels kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuzaliswa kwe-11 ukuya kwiintsuku ze-16 emva kokuchumisa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-zeatin kunye nesakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali.
(2) Ukuthutha kunye ne-metabolism: I-Cytokinin ifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo ekukhuleni ngamandla, ukwahlula izicubu okanye izitho, imbewu engakafiki, imbewu ehlumayo kunye neziqhamo ezikhulayo.

4. Iasidi ye-abscic
(1) Ukufunyanwa: Ebudeni bomjikelo wobomi besityalo, ukuba iimeko zokuphila azifanelekanga, amanye amalungu (anjengeziqhamo, amagqabi, njl. njl.) aya kuwa; okanye ekupheleni kwexesha lokukhula, amagqabi aya kuwa, ayeke ukukhula, kwaye angene kwi-dormancy. Ngethuba lezi nkqubo, izityalo zivelisa uhlobo lwe-hormone yezityalo ezivimbela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso, oko kukuthi i-abscisic acid. Ke i-abscisic acid luphawu lokukhula kwembewu kunye nokumelana noxinzelelo.
(2) Indawo ye-Synthesis: I-Biosynthesis kunye ne-metabolism ye-abscisic acid. Iingcambu, iziqu, amagqabi, iziqhamo, kunye nembewu kwizityalo zonke zinokwenza i-abscisic acid.
(3) Ukuthutha: i-abscisic acid ingathuthwa kwi-xylem kunye ne-phloem. Uninzi luthuthwa kwi-phloem.

5.Ethylene
(1) I-ethylene yigesi ekhaphukhaphu kunomoya kwiqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwendalo yendalo. Isebenza kwindawo ye-synthesis kwaye ayithuthwa.
(2) Zonke izitho zezityalo eziphezulu zinokuvelisa i-ethylene, kodwa inani le-ethylene elikhutshiweyo lihluke kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo, izitho kunye nezigaba zophuhliso. Ngokomzekelo, izicubu ezivuthiweyo zikhupha i-ethylene encinci, ngelixa i-meristems, ukuhluma kwembewu, iintyatyambo ezisanda kubuna kunye neziqhamo zivelisa eyona ethylene.

2. Imiphumo ye-Physiological ye-hormone yokukhula kwezityalo
1. Auxin:
Ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo. Ukukhuthaza ulwahlulo lweeseli.
2. I-Gibberellic Acid GA3:
Ikhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli kunye nokwandiswa kwesiqu. Khuthaza ukuqhama kunye neentyatyambo. Ikhefu lokulala. Khuthaza ukwahluka kweentyatyambo zamadoda kunye nokunyusa izinga lokumisela imbewu.
3. Cytokinin:
Ikhuthaza ulwahlulo lweeseli. Khuthaza ukwahluka kwamahluma. Ukukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli. Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwe-lateral buds kwaye ukhulule inzuzo ye-apical.

3. Ngaba ihomoni yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo?
1. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo yihomoni. I-hormone yokukhula kwezityalo ibhekisela ekulandeleni iikhemikhali ngokwemvelo ezikhoyo kwizityalo ezilawula nokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso. Ikwabizwa ngokuba ziihomoni ezingapheliyo zezityalo.
2. Ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezityalo kufunyanwa ngokwenziwa kokwenziwa okanye ukutsalwa, kunye nokuvutshelwa kwe-microbial, njl., kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Plant exogenous hormones.
Okukuthi, i-auxin, i-Gibberellic Acid (GA), i-Cytokinin (CTK), i-abscisic acid (ABA), i-ethyne (ETH) kunye ne-brassinosteroid (BR). Zonke ziyi-molecule ezincinci ze-organic compounds, kodwa iziphumo zazo ze-physiological zinzima kakhulu kwaye zahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, zisusela ekuchaphazeleni ukwahlukana kweeseli, ukwandiswa, kunye nokwahlula ukuya ekuchaphazeleni ukuntshula kwezityalo, ukuntshula kweengcambu, ukudumba kweentyatyambo, ukuqhama, ukuzimisela ngokwesini, ukulala nokungalali. Ngoko ke, iihomoni zezityalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo.