Ongororo, tsvagiridzo uye musika wekukura kwezvirimwa regulator natural brassinolide
Iko kushandiswa kwezvinomera kukura kwezvirimwa ndeimwe yematekinoroji mashanu matsva mukurima. Iyo ine hunhu hwekudyara kwakaderera, kukurumidza kuita, dosi yakadzikira seppm (zvikamu pamiriyoni), yakakosha mhedzisiro, uye yakanyanya kukwira-yekubuda muyero. Nekuvandudzwa kwe tekinoroji yekugadzira zvekurima, basa revarimi vekukura kwezvirimwa riri kuwedzera kukosha. Kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kuwedzera kuwedzera goho. Ukuwo, vanodzora vanogona kuvandudza utachiona hwechirimwa, kuita basa rokutarisira utano, uye kuderedza kuwanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kukuvadzwa kwezvirimwa kunokonzerwa nemamiriro okunze akaipa. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa uye kushandisa kwavo mukugadzira ndeimwe yekufambira mberi kukuru mune yemazuva ano chirimwa physiology uye sainzi yezvekurima. Masayendisiti ezvekurima kubva kumativi ese enyika anokoshesa zvikuru ndima iyi. Iko kushandiswa kwezvinomera zvekukura zvinodzora kwave chiratidzo chakakosha chedanho rekusimudzira kwesainzi yezvekurima uye tekinoroji.
1. Kugara kuri kuita mamiriro ekunze epasi rose kunokanganisa kugadzirwa kwekurima, uye zvinodzivirira kukura kwechirimwa zvinoramba zvichiwedzera kukosha.
Zvekurima ndihwo hwaro hwehupfumi hwenyika, uye mamiriro ekunze chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwekurima. Njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze dzinokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze dzinowanzoitika, uye kusagadzikana kwekugadzirwa kwekurima kunowedzera, izvo zvichave nemhedzisiro yakakura mumamiriro ekugadzirwa kwekurima, zviwanikwa zvekurima, uye njodzi dzinongoitika dzekurima. Vagadziri vekukura kwechirimwa vanogona kudzora mbesa pachadzo uye nekuvandudza kugona kwadzo. Iko kudiwa kwehunyanzvi kwezvirimwa zvezvigadzirwa zvemirau yezvirimwa (plant growth regulators) kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kukosha, uye kudiwa kwemusika kwezvirimwa zvinoramba kusagadzikana kwezvirimwa kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza.
2. Kugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri ezvekurima, kukosha kwezvinomera zvinokura zvigadziriso mukunetseka kusagadzikana kuri kuwedzera
Mafambiro ekusimudzira mubatanidzwa wehupfumi hwenyika dzepasi rose anoda kuti isu tigadzirise chimiro chekurima, chakasimba uye chinoshanda, mechanized, ruzivo-rune ruzivo, rusina munhu, kurima zvirimwa zvekunze-mwaka, tekinoroji yekuberekesa michero, kurima kwenzvimbo senge greenhouse miriwo, nezvimwewo, kudiwa kwekunyatso kudzora zvirimwa kuri kuramba kuchikwira, uye kukura kwakajairwa, goho uye kunaka kwezvirimwa zviri kuramba kupatsanurwa kubva mukushandiswa kwezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa.
3. Brassinolide sterols - chikamu chechitanhatu chikuru chezvinomera zvinogadzirisa zvinonyanya kushushikana.
Mukupindura kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, kuchengetedzeka kwemhando uye nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwemhando dzakaunzwa nekushushikana kweabiotic senge tembiricha yakaderera, kusanaya kwemvura uye kupisa kwakanyanya munyika, brassinolide, seyakachengeteka uye inoshanda yekukura kwechirimwa, ine mhedzisiro yekuwedzera zvakanyanya kushushikana kwezvirimwa. kuramba, kuwedzera goho nekuvandudza kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima. Kukosha kwekushandisa kwayo mukugadzirwa kwekurima kuri kuwedzera kukosha.
Kubva pakudzidza kwe auxin muma1930s, zvigadziriso zvekukura kwezvirimwa zvakakura nekukurumidza, uye ipapo gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CTK), ethylene (ETH) uye brassinosteroids (BRs) zvakawanikwa. Pakati pemhando dzakawanda dzezvinomera kukura, brassinosteroids yave nyaya inopisa pakati pevasayendisiti kubva zvavakawana. Brassinosteroids imhando yehomoni yechirimwa inotamba mabasa akawanda mukukura kwezvirimwa nekukura. Vakatanga kutorwa kubva mupeseed pollen ye genus Brassinosteroids naJ.W.Mitchell nemamwe masayendisiti kubva kuU.S. Department of Agriculture muna 1970. Yakanga isati yasvika 1998 iyo brassinosteroids yakazivikanwa zviri pamutemo seyechitanhatu yemiti yehomoni paMusangano Wepagore wechigumi nematanhatu weInternational Society. Yezvinomera Zvirimwa.
4. Kufambira mberi kwekutsvakurudza pamusoro pebasa uye nzira yekuita kwebrassinosteroids
4.1 Mamiriro ezvinhu ebrassinosteroids
BRs ikirasi yemahomoni esterol yemiti, uye maitiro avo ekutanga ndeye steroid nucleus inoumbwa nemhete ina ABCD, keto boka paC6 paB ring, uye alkyl side chain paC17 paD ring. Iyo hydroxylation level uye spatial chimiro cheA ring uye alkyl side chain inobata zvakananga kuwirirana kweBRs neiyo receptor complex, nokudaro inokanganisa biological chiitiko cheBRs. Natural brassinolide ndiyo inonyanya kushanda uye yakanyatsodzidza brassinosteroid inozivikanwa kusvika zvino. Gare gare, vanhu vakashandisa chimiro chayo chemorekuru sepurani kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zveBrs analogs se24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassinolide, 28-epibrassinolide, yakasanganiswa epibrassinolide, uye propionylbrassinolide.
4.2 Kudzidza nezve physiological basa uye maitiro ekuita kwebrassinosteroids
BRs inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumiti yakasiyana-siyana. Mazana ebrassinosteroids ane zvimiro zvakasiyana akawanikwa mune yakaderera algae, ferns, gymnosperms uye angiosperms, zvichiratidza kuti nzira yekusaina yeBRs yakatanga mukutanga kushanduka kwezvirimwa uye inochengetedza muzvirimwa. MaBR anonyanya kutariswa munhengo dzekubereka, mhodzi dzisati dzakura uye matishu manyoro muzvirimwa, kudzora kukura kwekubereka, kukura kwembeu, kusimudzira kudzinde elongation uye midzi morphology, uye kuita basa rinoshanda mukuramba chirimwa kushushikana.
5. Industrialization yezvakasikwa brassinosteroids
Izvo zvave zvichishumwa kuti kugadzirwa kwe "brassinosteroids" kwakakamurwa kuita maviri akasiyana nzira nzira: kudhirowa kwechisikigo uye artificial synthesis. Zvinoenderana nedata, tsvagiridzo yeChina pamusoro pechisikigo brassinosteroid extraction tekinoroji yakatanga mukutanga 1980s, pakutanga vachishandisa yakasikwa brassinosteroid inoshanda zvinongedzo zvakatorwa kubva munyuchi. Tsvagiridzo yezvakagadzirwa "brassinolide" analogues yakatanga muna 1982. Nyika dzepasirese dzakazvipira kune synthetic synthesis yebrassinolide, ichiita yakaderera, yakakura-yakakura, kugadzirwa kweindasitiri yezvinhu zvebrassinolide kuve chokwadi. Parizvino, ma-synthetic brassinolides akanyoreswa semishonga yezvipembenene muChina anosanganisira: 24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassinolide, 22, 23, 24-triepibrassinolide, 28-epiohomobrassinolide uye propionylbrassinolide. Pakati pavo, ekutanga mabrassinolides mana ese akavakirwa pane yakasikwa Brassinolide semasampuli. Maererano nekusiyana kwavo kwemaitiro, mabasa avo ehupenyu akasiyanawo. Propionylbrassinolide is propionylated brassinolide, iyo pachayo haina biological chiitiko, asi inoda kunyudzwa uye metabolized mumuviri kuita basa.
6. Tsvakurudzo pamusoro pechisikigo chebrassinolide teknolojia
Pakati pese mabrassinolides, natural brassinolide 14-hydroxybrassinolide sterol yakawana iyo inotonga yekristaro fomu yeakasikwa brassinolide sterol inogona kudzora zvakanyanya kukura kwechirimwa nekunyatsoongorora makemikari zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera polymorphism, kusanganisira solvent rudzi, uwandu, chiyero, saturation, nezvimwe. zvinhu, kusanganisira tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, kumhanya, mwando, etc. Kuenzaniswa nezvimwe brassinolide sterol compounds, basa rayo rehupenyu rinovandudzwa neanopfuura 50% mukuita kwekukurumidza, kugadzirisa zvinobudirira matambudziko e "slow effect", "kusagadzikana kuchengeteka" uye "kusagadzikana basa" remamwe mabrassinolide emakemikari anotenderera pamusika. Migumisiro iri pachena inogona kuonekwa mumazuva matatu kusvika mashanu. Panguva imwecheteyo, ine yakakosha kudzikamisa mhedzisiro uye mashandiro ekuvandudza mukuwedzera goho, kuramba kukura kwakashata, kuvandudza mhando nekuvandudza kuravira kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima, uye kuwedzera photosynthesis.
7. Ramangwana Nezvinotarisirwa
Seyakafara-akawanda, inoshanda zvakanyanya kukura kwechirimwa regulator, 14-hydroxybrassinolide sterol yave inozivikanwa zvikuru yekuuraya zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana mumusika wekukura kwechirimwa nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakasiyana kwemuviri, huwandu hwemashandisirwo, yakanyanya-yakaderera dosage, zvakanyanya. kuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro, uye mhedzisiro inoshamisa yekuwedzera kugadzirwa uye mari. Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa nevatengi zvemhando yezvigadzirwa zvekurima, kufambira mberi uye kuitwa kwekusimudzira girini kwekurima kwepasi rose, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye nzira dzekusimudzira biosecurity, masikirwo ebrassinolide sterols achaita basa rinowedzera kukosha mukusimudzira kukura kwekurima kwegirinhi, yakakwirira. -kuvandudzwa kwemhando yepamusoro uye kuwedzera kukosha kwekurima.
1. Kugara kuri kuita mamiriro ekunze epasi rose kunokanganisa kugadzirwa kwekurima, uye zvinodzivirira kukura kwechirimwa zvinoramba zvichiwedzera kukosha.
Zvekurima ndihwo hwaro hwehupfumi hwenyika, uye mamiriro ekunze chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwekurima. Njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze dzinokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze dzinowanzoitika, uye kusagadzikana kwekugadzirwa kwekurima kunowedzera, izvo zvichave nemhedzisiro yakakura mumamiriro ekugadzirwa kwekurima, zviwanikwa zvekurima, uye njodzi dzinongoitika dzekurima. Vagadziri vekukura kwechirimwa vanogona kudzora mbesa pachadzo uye nekuvandudza kugona kwadzo. Iko kudiwa kwehunyanzvi kwezvirimwa zvezvigadzirwa zvemirau yezvirimwa (plant growth regulators) kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kukosha, uye kudiwa kwemusika kwezvirimwa zvinoramba kusagadzikana kwezvirimwa kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza.
2. Kugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri ezvekurima, kukosha kwezvinomera zvinokura zvigadziriso mukunetseka kusagadzikana kuri kuwedzera
Mafambiro ekusimudzira mubatanidzwa wehupfumi hwenyika dzepasi rose anoda kuti isu tigadzirise chimiro chekurima, chakasimba uye chinoshanda, mechanized, ruzivo-rune ruzivo, rusina munhu, kurima zvirimwa zvekunze-mwaka, tekinoroji yekuberekesa michero, kurima kwenzvimbo senge greenhouse miriwo, nezvimwewo, kudiwa kwekunyatso kudzora zvirimwa kuri kuramba kuchikwira, uye kukura kwakajairwa, goho uye kunaka kwezvirimwa zviri kuramba kupatsanurwa kubva mukushandiswa kwezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa.
3. Brassinolide sterols - chikamu chechitanhatu chikuru chezvinomera zvinogadzirisa zvinonyanya kushushikana.
Mukupindura kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, kuchengetedzeka kwemhando uye nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwemhando dzakaunzwa nekushushikana kweabiotic senge tembiricha yakaderera, kusanaya kwemvura uye kupisa kwakanyanya munyika, brassinolide, seyakachengeteka uye inoshanda yekukura kwechirimwa, ine mhedzisiro yekuwedzera zvakanyanya kushushikana kwezvirimwa. kuramba, kuwedzera goho nekuvandudza kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima. Kukosha kwekushandisa kwayo mukugadzirwa kwekurima kuri kuwedzera kukosha.
Kubva pakudzidza kwe auxin muma1930s, zvigadziriso zvekukura kwezvirimwa zvakakura nekukurumidza, uye ipapo gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CTK), ethylene (ETH) uye brassinosteroids (BRs) zvakawanikwa. Pakati pemhando dzakawanda dzezvinomera kukura, brassinosteroids yave nyaya inopisa pakati pevasayendisiti kubva zvavakawana. Brassinosteroids imhando yehomoni yechirimwa inotamba mabasa akawanda mukukura kwezvirimwa nekukura. Vakatanga kutorwa kubva mupeseed pollen ye genus Brassinosteroids naJ.W.Mitchell nemamwe masayendisiti kubva kuU.S. Department of Agriculture muna 1970. Yakanga isati yasvika 1998 iyo brassinosteroids yakazivikanwa zviri pamutemo seyechitanhatu yemiti yehomoni paMusangano Wepagore wechigumi nematanhatu weInternational Society. Yezvinomera Zvirimwa.
4. Kufambira mberi kwekutsvakurudza pamusoro pebasa uye nzira yekuita kwebrassinosteroids
4.1 Mamiriro ezvinhu ebrassinosteroids
BRs ikirasi yemahomoni esterol yemiti, uye maitiro avo ekutanga ndeye steroid nucleus inoumbwa nemhete ina ABCD, keto boka paC6 paB ring, uye alkyl side chain paC17 paD ring. Iyo hydroxylation level uye spatial chimiro cheA ring uye alkyl side chain inobata zvakananga kuwirirana kweBRs neiyo receptor complex, nokudaro inokanganisa biological chiitiko cheBRs. Natural brassinolide ndiyo inonyanya kushanda uye yakanyatsodzidza brassinosteroid inozivikanwa kusvika zvino. Gare gare, vanhu vakashandisa chimiro chayo chemorekuru sepurani kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zveBrs analogs se24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassinolide, 28-epibrassinolide, yakasanganiswa epibrassinolide, uye propionylbrassinolide.
4.2 Kudzidza nezve physiological basa uye maitiro ekuita kwebrassinosteroids
BRs inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumiti yakasiyana-siyana. Mazana ebrassinosteroids ane zvimiro zvakasiyana akawanikwa mune yakaderera algae, ferns, gymnosperms uye angiosperms, zvichiratidza kuti nzira yekusaina yeBRs yakatanga mukutanga kushanduka kwezvirimwa uye inochengetedza muzvirimwa. MaBR anonyanya kutariswa munhengo dzekubereka, mhodzi dzisati dzakura uye matishu manyoro muzvirimwa, kudzora kukura kwekubereka, kukura kwembeu, kusimudzira kudzinde elongation uye midzi morphology, uye kuita basa rinoshanda mukuramba chirimwa kushushikana.
5. Industrialization yezvakasikwa brassinosteroids
Izvo zvave zvichishumwa kuti kugadzirwa kwe "brassinosteroids" kwakakamurwa kuita maviri akasiyana nzira nzira: kudhirowa kwechisikigo uye artificial synthesis. Zvinoenderana nedata, tsvagiridzo yeChina pamusoro pechisikigo brassinosteroid extraction tekinoroji yakatanga mukutanga 1980s, pakutanga vachishandisa yakasikwa brassinosteroid inoshanda zvinongedzo zvakatorwa kubva munyuchi. Tsvagiridzo yezvakagadzirwa "brassinolide" analogues yakatanga muna 1982. Nyika dzepasirese dzakazvipira kune synthetic synthesis yebrassinolide, ichiita yakaderera, yakakura-yakakura, kugadzirwa kweindasitiri yezvinhu zvebrassinolide kuve chokwadi. Parizvino, ma-synthetic brassinolides akanyoreswa semishonga yezvipembenene muChina anosanganisira: 24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassinolide, 22, 23, 24-triepibrassinolide, 28-epiohomobrassinolide uye propionylbrassinolide. Pakati pavo, ekutanga mabrassinolides mana ese akavakirwa pane yakasikwa Brassinolide semasampuli. Maererano nekusiyana kwavo kwemaitiro, mabasa avo ehupenyu akasiyanawo. Propionylbrassinolide is propionylated brassinolide, iyo pachayo haina biological chiitiko, asi inoda kunyudzwa uye metabolized mumuviri kuita basa.
6. Tsvakurudzo pamusoro pechisikigo chebrassinolide teknolojia
Pakati pese mabrassinolides, natural brassinolide 14-hydroxybrassinolide sterol yakawana iyo inotonga yekristaro fomu yeakasikwa brassinolide sterol inogona kudzora zvakanyanya kukura kwechirimwa nekunyatsoongorora makemikari zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera polymorphism, kusanganisira solvent rudzi, uwandu, chiyero, saturation, nezvimwe. zvinhu, kusanganisira tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, kumhanya, mwando, etc. Kuenzaniswa nezvimwe brassinolide sterol compounds, basa rayo rehupenyu rinovandudzwa neanopfuura 50% mukuita kwekukurumidza, kugadzirisa zvinobudirira matambudziko e "slow effect", "kusagadzikana kuchengeteka" uye "kusagadzikana basa" remamwe mabrassinolide emakemikari anotenderera pamusika. Migumisiro iri pachena inogona kuonekwa mumazuva matatu kusvika mashanu. Panguva imwecheteyo, ine yakakosha kudzikamisa mhedzisiro uye mashandiro ekuvandudza mukuwedzera goho, kuramba kukura kwakashata, kuvandudza mhando nekuvandudza kuravira kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima, uye kuwedzera photosynthesis.
7. Ramangwana Nezvinotarisirwa
Seyakafara-akawanda, inoshanda zvakanyanya kukura kwechirimwa regulator, 14-hydroxybrassinolide sterol yave inozivikanwa zvikuru yekuuraya zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana mumusika wekukura kwechirimwa nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakasiyana kwemuviri, huwandu hwemashandisirwo, yakanyanya-yakaderera dosage, zvakanyanya. kuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro, uye mhedzisiro inoshamisa yekuwedzera kugadzirwa uye mari. Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa nevatengi zvemhando yezvigadzirwa zvekurima, kufambira mberi uye kuitwa kwekusimudzira girini kwekurima kwepasi rose, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye nzira dzekusimudzira biosecurity, masikirwo ebrassinolide sterols achaita basa rinowedzera kukosha mukusimudzira kukura kwekurima kwegirinhi, yakakwirira. -kuvandudzwa kwemhando yepamusoro uye kuwedzera kukosha kwekurima.
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