Tlhahlobo ea Mechane ea Mebala ea Litholoana le Maano a Ntlafatso ea Mebala ea Boemo bo Phahameng
Mebala ea litholoana ke sesupo sa bohlokoa sa kholo; 'mala o ka holimo le ho tšoana ha 'mala ona ke tsona tse laolang boleng ba ho qetela ba litholoana 'marakeng le phaello ea moruo ea sehoai. Lihoai li thahasella haholo mekhoa ea ho fumana mebala e bolokehileng, e potlakileng le e ts'oanang, hammoho le monate o ntlafalitsoeng le boleng, ho thusa ho kena 'marakeng kapele.
I. Mekhoa ea ho Etsa Mebala ea Litholoana
'Mala oa litholoana o na le' mala oa fatše le 'mala oa bokaholimo; mokhoa oa "tholoana coloration" ka tloaelo e bua ka ntshetsopele ya bokaholimo 'mala. Lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo tsa li-pigment li ameha phetohong ea 'mala e etsahalang nakong ea ho butsoa ha litholoana: li-chlorophyll, carotenoids le anthocyanins.
Litholoana tse mosehla kapa tsa lamunu: 'Mala oa tsona o hokahane le ho bokellana ha carotenoids. Ha tholoana e kena sethaleng sa ho butsoa, ho senyeha ha chlorophyll ho potlakile ha motsoako oa eona o ntse o fokotseha, ho etsa hore 'mala o motala oa letlalo o fokotsehe; Ka nako e ts'oanang, motsoako oa carotenoid letlalong oa eketseha, o fella ka ponahalo e mosehla kapa ea lamunu (mohlala, phetoho ea 'mala oa citrus).
Litholoana tse pherese kapa tse khubelu: 'Mala oa tsona o amana haufi-ufi le ho bokellana ha li-anthocyanins; nako le bongata ba motsoako oa anthocyanin li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho qaleng le ho matla ha 'mala o mofubelu kapa o pherese.
II. Lintlha Tse Susumetsang Mebala ea Litholoana
Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, a susumetsoang ke mabaka a mabeli a ka ntle (leseli, mocheso, mongobo, joalo-joalo) le lintlha tse ka hare (maemo a li-hormone, tsoekere e qhibilihang, metsoako ea liminerale, joalo-joalo), chlorophyll ka litholoana tse butsoitseng e senyeha-ka tse ling tse fetohang carotenoids-'me li-anthocyanins li qala ho bokellana ka potlako, ho fella ka mebala e khanyang ea litholoana.
1. Tšusumetso ea lintlha tse ka ntle ho mebala
(1) Leseli: Leseli le lekaneng ke ntlha ea bohlokoa tlhophisong ea carotenoids le anthocyanins. Litholoana tse butsoitseng lefifing le feletseng li ka hōla ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng empa tsa hlōleha ho kopanya li-anthocyanins. Mebala e nepahetse ha matla a khanya a feta 70% ea khanya ea letsatsi e felletseng; ha matla a khanya a oela ka tlase ho moeli ona oa 70%, litaba tsa anthocyanin li eketseha ka kamano le matla a khanya a ntseng a phahama.
(2) Mocheso: Phapang ea mocheso oa letsatsi le letsatsi (phapang pakeng tsa mocheso oa motšehare le bosiu) e ama haholo motsoako oa carotenoids le anthocyanins. Ka har'a mefuta e itseng, mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare o ntlafatsa photosynthesis le ho eketsa pokello ea lik'habohaedreite; ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithempereichara tse tlaase bosiu li fokotsa ho phefumoloha le ho sebelisoa-ka tsela eo ho bokellana ha lik'habohaedreite tse batlang li eketseha-e leng se fanang ka motheo oa thepa ea bohlokoa bakeng sa motsoako oa carotenoids le anthocyanins.
(3) Mongobo: Khaello e itekanetseng ea metsi nakong ea ho fetoha ha mebala e khothalletsa hore lik’habohaedreite li fetohe tsoekere e qhibilihang, e thusang ho fetola mebala; Ho phaella moo, khaello ea metsi e itekanetseng e thusa ho senyeha le ho fetoha ha li-chloroplasts, ka hona ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea ho fetola mebala.
2. Tšusumetso ea lintlha tse ka hare ho mebala
(1) Maemo a Hormone: Ethylene e khothalletsa ho senyeha ha chlorophyll le ho thehoa ha carotenoids le anthocyanins, kahoo ho nolofatsa 'mala oa litholoana; abscisic acid ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho thehoa ha anthocyanin.
(2) Likahare tsa tsoekere tse qhibilihang: Ka bobeli li-anthocyanins le carotenoids ke metabolites ea tsoekere; tholoana e ka fetoha feela 'mala o tloaelehileng ha maemo a tsoekere a fihla boemong bo itseng. Mohlala, liapole tsa 'Fuji e khubelu' ha li khone ho etsa li-anthocyanins ha tsoekere e le ka tlase ho 10%, athe li hlahisa mebala e metle ho 17% ea tsoekere.
3 Phosphorus e na le molemo oa 'mala oa litholoana ka ho fana ka matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho thehoa le ho tsitsisa ha anthocyanin, kahoo e khothalletsa phetoho ea' mala. Li-ion tsa potassium li sebetsa e le li-activator bakeng sa li-enzyme tse amehang ho metabolism ea tsoekere ea litholoana; li khothalletsa bobeli ho bokella tsoekere ka har'a litholoana le ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere ho tloha makhasi le letlobo ho ea litholoana, kahoo li eketsa tsoekere le ho fana ka motheo o hlokahalang bakeng sa motsoako oa anthocyanin. Calcium e ka ntlafatsa boemo ba tsoekere le monko oa litholoana. Khaello ea Magnesium e fokotsa maemo a chlorophyll, e sitisa photosynthesis le ho sitisa ho bokellana ha tsoekere. Boron e khothalletsa lipalangoang tsa tsoekere le motsoako oa li-pectin tsa lerako la lisele; e thusa ho theha metsoako e nkhang hamonate le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba tsoekere ea litholoana le boleng ba polokelo. III. Mathata a Kopanetsoeng Nakong ea Tlhahiso
Hangata lihoai li kopana le mathata a ho hōlisa mebala kapa ho kenya mebala e sa tšoaneng ha li lema lijalo tse kang lamunu, morara, liapole, tamati le fragole.
Mabaka a mantlha a kenyelletsa:
(1) Ho ja lijo tse ngata haholo ho lebisang ho hlokeng phepelo ea limatlafatsi tse lekaneng, ho bakang litholoana tse sa holang le tsoekere e qhibilihang e tlase;
(2) Ho nontša ka mokhoa o sa lokelang: ho kenngoa ha naetrojene ka bongata nakong ea ho hōla ha morao, hammoho le tšebeliso e sa lekaneng ea phosphorus, potasiamo le calcium;
(3) Moea o fokolang le ho kenella ha leseli: ho teteana ho feteletseng ha ho lema ho bakang hore makhasi a kopane le ho thibela khanya;
IV. Likhothaletso tsa ho Khothaletsa Nts'etsopele ea Mebala
Ho rarolla mathata ana, ho kgothaletswa mehato e latelang:
(1) Etsa qeto ea mojaro o loketseng oa lijalo ho latela matla a lifate, maemo a mobu, le maemo a manyolo ho qoba ho lelekisa kotulo e feteletseng ka bofofu;
(2) Ntlafatsa khanya ea khanya le moea o kenang serapeng sa lifate tsa litholoana ka ho faola limela ho matlafatsa ho kenella ha leseli le ho khothalletsa mebala e metle;
(3) Laola ho nosetsa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng: thibela phepelo ea metsi ka mokhoa o itekanetseng nakong ea phetoho ea mebala le ho qoba ho nosetsa ka likhohola tse matla;
(4) Sebelisa manyolo ka saense: fokotsa naetrojene ha u ntse u eketsa phosphorus, potasiamo, le limatlafatsi tse nyenyane tse nyenyane hang ha phetoho ea mebala e qala; sebelisa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tse ntlafatsang 'mala ka foliar spray ho khothaletsa mebala ha o ntse o thusa ho bokella tsoekere.
I. Mekhoa ea ho Etsa Mebala ea Litholoana
'Mala oa litholoana o na le' mala oa fatše le 'mala oa bokaholimo; mokhoa oa "tholoana coloration" ka tloaelo e bua ka ntshetsopele ya bokaholimo 'mala. Lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo tsa li-pigment li ameha phetohong ea 'mala e etsahalang nakong ea ho butsoa ha litholoana: li-chlorophyll, carotenoids le anthocyanins.
Litholoana tse mosehla kapa tsa lamunu: 'Mala oa tsona o hokahane le ho bokellana ha carotenoids. Ha tholoana e kena sethaleng sa ho butsoa, ho senyeha ha chlorophyll ho potlakile ha motsoako oa eona o ntse o fokotseha, ho etsa hore 'mala o motala oa letlalo o fokotsehe; Ka nako e ts'oanang, motsoako oa carotenoid letlalong oa eketseha, o fella ka ponahalo e mosehla kapa ea lamunu (mohlala, phetoho ea 'mala oa citrus).
Litholoana tse pherese kapa tse khubelu: 'Mala oa tsona o amana haufi-ufi le ho bokellana ha li-anthocyanins; nako le bongata ba motsoako oa anthocyanin li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho qaleng le ho matla ha 'mala o mofubelu kapa o pherese.
II. Lintlha Tse Susumetsang Mebala ea Litholoana
Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, a susumetsoang ke mabaka a mabeli a ka ntle (leseli, mocheso, mongobo, joalo-joalo) le lintlha tse ka hare (maemo a li-hormone, tsoekere e qhibilihang, metsoako ea liminerale, joalo-joalo), chlorophyll ka litholoana tse butsoitseng e senyeha-ka tse ling tse fetohang carotenoids-'me li-anthocyanins li qala ho bokellana ka potlako, ho fella ka mebala e khanyang ea litholoana.
1. Tšusumetso ea lintlha tse ka ntle ho mebala
(1) Leseli: Leseli le lekaneng ke ntlha ea bohlokoa tlhophisong ea carotenoids le anthocyanins. Litholoana tse butsoitseng lefifing le feletseng li ka hōla ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng empa tsa hlōleha ho kopanya li-anthocyanins. Mebala e nepahetse ha matla a khanya a feta 70% ea khanya ea letsatsi e felletseng; ha matla a khanya a oela ka tlase ho moeli ona oa 70%, litaba tsa anthocyanin li eketseha ka kamano le matla a khanya a ntseng a phahama.
(2) Mocheso: Phapang ea mocheso oa letsatsi le letsatsi (phapang pakeng tsa mocheso oa motšehare le bosiu) e ama haholo motsoako oa carotenoids le anthocyanins. Ka har'a mefuta e itseng, mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare o ntlafatsa photosynthesis le ho eketsa pokello ea lik'habohaedreite; ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithempereichara tse tlaase bosiu li fokotsa ho phefumoloha le ho sebelisoa-ka tsela eo ho bokellana ha lik'habohaedreite tse batlang li eketseha-e leng se fanang ka motheo oa thepa ea bohlokoa bakeng sa motsoako oa carotenoids le anthocyanins.
(3) Mongobo: Khaello e itekanetseng ea metsi nakong ea ho fetoha ha mebala e khothalletsa hore lik’habohaedreite li fetohe tsoekere e qhibilihang, e thusang ho fetola mebala; Ho phaella moo, khaello ea metsi e itekanetseng e thusa ho senyeha le ho fetoha ha li-chloroplasts, ka hona ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea ho fetola mebala.
2. Tšusumetso ea lintlha tse ka hare ho mebala
(1) Maemo a Hormone: Ethylene e khothalletsa ho senyeha ha chlorophyll le ho thehoa ha carotenoids le anthocyanins, kahoo ho nolofatsa 'mala oa litholoana; abscisic acid ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho thehoa ha anthocyanin.
(2) Likahare tsa tsoekere tse qhibilihang: Ka bobeli li-anthocyanins le carotenoids ke metabolites ea tsoekere; tholoana e ka fetoha feela 'mala o tloaelehileng ha maemo a tsoekere a fihla boemong bo itseng. Mohlala, liapole tsa 'Fuji e khubelu' ha li khone ho etsa li-anthocyanins ha tsoekere e le ka tlase ho 10%, athe li hlahisa mebala e metle ho 17% ea tsoekere.
3 Phosphorus e na le molemo oa 'mala oa litholoana ka ho fana ka matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho thehoa le ho tsitsisa ha anthocyanin, kahoo e khothalletsa phetoho ea' mala. Li-ion tsa potassium li sebetsa e le li-activator bakeng sa li-enzyme tse amehang ho metabolism ea tsoekere ea litholoana; li khothalletsa bobeli ho bokella tsoekere ka har'a litholoana le ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere ho tloha makhasi le letlobo ho ea litholoana, kahoo li eketsa tsoekere le ho fana ka motheo o hlokahalang bakeng sa motsoako oa anthocyanin. Calcium e ka ntlafatsa boemo ba tsoekere le monko oa litholoana. Khaello ea Magnesium e fokotsa maemo a chlorophyll, e sitisa photosynthesis le ho sitisa ho bokellana ha tsoekere. Boron e khothalletsa lipalangoang tsa tsoekere le motsoako oa li-pectin tsa lerako la lisele; e thusa ho theha metsoako e nkhang hamonate le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba tsoekere ea litholoana le boleng ba polokelo. III. Mathata a Kopanetsoeng Nakong ea Tlhahiso
Hangata lihoai li kopana le mathata a ho hōlisa mebala kapa ho kenya mebala e sa tšoaneng ha li lema lijalo tse kang lamunu, morara, liapole, tamati le fragole.
Mabaka a mantlha a kenyelletsa:
(1) Ho ja lijo tse ngata haholo ho lebisang ho hlokeng phepelo ea limatlafatsi tse lekaneng, ho bakang litholoana tse sa holang le tsoekere e qhibilihang e tlase;
(2) Ho nontša ka mokhoa o sa lokelang: ho kenngoa ha naetrojene ka bongata nakong ea ho hōla ha morao, hammoho le tšebeliso e sa lekaneng ea phosphorus, potasiamo le calcium;
(3) Moea o fokolang le ho kenella ha leseli: ho teteana ho feteletseng ha ho lema ho bakang hore makhasi a kopane le ho thibela khanya;
IV. Likhothaletso tsa ho Khothaletsa Nts'etsopele ea Mebala
Ho rarolla mathata ana, ho kgothaletswa mehato e latelang:
(1) Etsa qeto ea mojaro o loketseng oa lijalo ho latela matla a lifate, maemo a mobu, le maemo a manyolo ho qoba ho lelekisa kotulo e feteletseng ka bofofu;
(2) Ntlafatsa khanya ea khanya le moea o kenang serapeng sa lifate tsa litholoana ka ho faola limela ho matlafatsa ho kenella ha leseli le ho khothalletsa mebala e metle;
(3) Laola ho nosetsa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng: thibela phepelo ea metsi ka mokhoa o itekanetseng nakong ea phetoho ea mebala le ho qoba ho nosetsa ka likhohola tse matla;
(4) Sebelisa manyolo ka saense: fokotsa naetrojene ha u ntse u eketsa phosphorus, potasiamo, le limatlafatsi tse nyenyane tse nyenyane hang ha phetoho ea mebala e qala; sebelisa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tse ntlafatsang 'mala ka foliar spray ho khothaletsa mebala ha o ntse o thusa ho bokella tsoekere.
