Momwe mungasinthire zowongolera zakukula kwa mbewu paulimi wa walnuts?
Walnuts, mtedza wawo ndi wolemera mu flavonoids, vitamini E ndi unsaturated mafuta acids, amene ali ndi zotsatira zapadera pa kupewa ndi kuchiza thrombosis, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi odana ndi ukalamba. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 23 ya mtedza padziko lapansi. Zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu ndi mtundu wa chinthu chofanana ndi ma hormoni osakhazikika, omwe amapangidwa, kuchotsedwa ndikufufuzidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyang'anira kukula kwa zomera, chitukuko ndi fruiting. Zowongolera kukula kwa zomera zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu malinga ndi ntchito zawo: zolimbikitsa kukula, zolepheretsa kukula ndi zolepheretsa kukula. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa momwe kafukufukuyu akuyendera pakukula kwa mbewu pa walnuts, kuti apereke umboni wogwiritsa ntchito bwino zoletsa kukula kwa mbewu pa mtedza.
1. Mitundu ndi ntchito za owongolera kukula kwa mbewu
Pakalipano, zinthu zomwe zapezeka kuti zimayang'anira kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera makamaka zikuphatikizapo: Auxin, yomwe imalimbikitsa kugawanika kwa maselo ndi kusiyanitsa ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zipatso; Gibberellic Acid GA3, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukula kwa tsinde ndi masamba, imayang'anira zakudya, imateteza maluwa ndi zipatso, ndipo imapangitsa kuti zipatso zizitupa; ethylene, yomwe imaphwanya dormancy ya mbewu ndi mbande, imalimbikitsa kucha kwa zipatso, imalimbikitsa kukalamba kwa masamba; Cytokinin, yomwe imalimbikitsa kugawanika kwa cytoplasmic ndi kufalikira kwa maselo; abscisic acid, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukhetsa masamba ndikuwongolera kukula kwa mbewu ndi mazira; Brassinolide, yomwe imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll, imathandizira kupanga photosynthesis, imathandizira kukula kwa mizu, imateteza maluwa ndi zipatso.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu mu mtedza
1. Kuwongolera kukula kwamitengo
Kukula kwamasamba kwa mitengo yazipatso kumawonekera makamaka pakukula kwa mizu, zimayambira, ndi masamba. Kuwongolera koyenera kwa zomera kungathandize kwambiri kukula kwa ubereki. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mitengo yokhala ndi matupi amphamvu ndi maluwa ochepa achikazi, 15%Paclobutrazolufa wonyowa ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'nthaka mu April kapena autumn, ndi mlingo wa 2g-3g pa 1m², kapena 15%PaclobutrazolNthawi 150 yankho limatha kupopera masamba kawiri, onse omwe ali ndi vuto loletsa kukula kwa vegetative. Kwa wazaka 4 wamkulu-trunk fruiting walnuts, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 3000 mg.L wa Paclobutrazol kumachepetsa kutalika kwa nthambi za fruiting za chaka chimodzi ndi 36,83% poyerekeza ndi kulamulira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawaChlormequat Chloridepa ndende ya 3000 ppm panthawi ya kukula kwa mtedza kumachepetsa kukula kwa mtengo wa mtedza ndi masentimita 17.66 poyerekeza ndi kulamulira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kumayambiriro kwa mtedza kukula kwatsopano mphukira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 1500mg·L wa B9 ndi.Ethephonosakaniza pa mtedza masamba aliyense 15 masiku akhoza kwambiri kuchepetsa kutalika ndi thunthu circumference achinyamata mtedza mitengo, ndi kulimbikitsa oyambirira fruiting ya achinyamata mitengo.
2. Kuwongolera kusiyanitsa ndi kukula kwa maluwa
Maduwa a mitengo yazipatso ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa mtengowo kuchokera pakukula kwa vegetative kupita ku kukula kwa ubereki. Kusiyana kwawo kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni amkati, ma genetic, kuchuluka kwa michere, zinthu zomwe zimayendera kunja, komanso kukhudzika kwa masamba kuzinthu zakunja zachilengedwe. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawaNaphthalene acetic acid+ 3,6-Dihydroxypyridazineyankho pa masamba ang'onoang'ono a mtedza amatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa masamba a michere panthambi zazifupi. Kupopera mbewu kwaNaphthalene acetic acid ndi TIBAamatha kulamulira kuchuluka kwa maluwa aamuna ndi aakazi ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa masamba osiyanasiyana panthambi.
3. Limbikitsani kuchuluka kwa zipatso za mtedza ndikuwonjezera zokolola ndi zabwino
Kukhazikika kwa zipatso ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zokolola za mitengo yazipatso, ndipo zolepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu zimakhudza kwambiri kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zipatso, kuletsa kugwa kwa zipatso, ndikuwongolera bwino. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa walnuts ndiIndole-3-acetic acid (IBA)pa ndende ya 7 mg.L kawiri kawiri kuchuluka kwa zipatso kumakhala ndi 27% poyerekeza ndi kulamulira.
4. Kupititsa patsogolo kupulumuka kwa kumezanitsa
Kuphatikizika kwa mtedza kumagawika makamaka kukhala makungwa a khungwa, kudula, kulumikiza m'mimba ndi mphukira. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kupulumuka kwa ma scions. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pamene kumtengowo scions zilowerere mu6 BAyankho, mlingo kumera akhoza kufika 44.5%, amene ndi 10,8% apamwamba kuposa ulamuliro. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupulumuka kwa scion cut surface kumawonjezeka ndi 32.3% poyerekeza ndi kulamulira mwa kumiza scion cut surface mu 250 mgL /3-indolebutyric acid (IAA)yankho.
5. Limbikitsani kusweka kwa khungu la mtedza wobiriwira
Walnuts amakololedwa m'magulu pamene khungu lobiriwira likung'ambika 50%. Zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu zimatha kulimbikitsa kwambiri kung'ambika kwa khungu lobiriwira la mtedza, lomwe ndi losavuta kukolola pakati komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi masabata atatu musanayambe kukolola mtedza, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi chisakanizo cha 125 mg.ethephonndi 250 mg.L wanaphthaleneacetic acidimatha kufika 100% ya kusweka kwa khungu lobiriwira la mtedza, pomwe kugwa kwa masamba ndi 20% yokha. Kafukufuku wa Tian Ziwu et al. akuwonetsa kuti masiku 18 asanakolole, 10L yaethephon 500 mg + LNaphthalene acetic acid1000 mg.L yankho losakanikirana lidayikidwa mu walnuts wazaka 7, ndipo kuchuluka kwa peel yobiriwira kunafika 83%. Kusweka kwa peel wobiriwira kunali 78% pambuyo jekeseni masiku 6 asanakolole.
6. Kukula owongolera bwino mtedza kukana
Mlingo wa lignification wa mbande za mtedza ndi chinsinsi cha mtengo wokhoza kukana kuzizira kwambiri ndi chilala, ndipo ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira cha nyengo yozizira ya mbande za zipatso. Kugwiritsa ntchito owongolera kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mbande za lignification ndikuwongolera kukana. Kupopera mbewu kwaPaclobutrazol (Paclo)zitha kwambiri kuonjezera zimam`patsa mlingo wa mtedza mizu, zimayambira, ndi masamba, ndi kukhudza kaphatikizidwe wa zomera mafuta m`thupi ndi kuchepetsa synthesis ano zimalimbikitsa mafuta zidulo, potero zimakhudza nembanemba permeability ndi utithandize ozizira kukana.
1. Mitundu ndi ntchito za owongolera kukula kwa mbewu
Pakalipano, zinthu zomwe zapezeka kuti zimayang'anira kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera makamaka zikuphatikizapo: Auxin, yomwe imalimbikitsa kugawanika kwa maselo ndi kusiyanitsa ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zipatso; Gibberellic Acid GA3, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukula kwa tsinde ndi masamba, imayang'anira zakudya, imateteza maluwa ndi zipatso, ndipo imapangitsa kuti zipatso zizitupa; ethylene, yomwe imaphwanya dormancy ya mbewu ndi mbande, imalimbikitsa kucha kwa zipatso, imalimbikitsa kukalamba kwa masamba; Cytokinin, yomwe imalimbikitsa kugawanika kwa cytoplasmic ndi kufalikira kwa maselo; abscisic acid, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukhetsa masamba ndikuwongolera kukula kwa mbewu ndi mazira; Brassinolide, yomwe imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll, imathandizira kupanga photosynthesis, imathandizira kukula kwa mizu, imateteza maluwa ndi zipatso.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu mu mtedza
1. Kuwongolera kukula kwamitengo
Kukula kwamasamba kwa mitengo yazipatso kumawonekera makamaka pakukula kwa mizu, zimayambira, ndi masamba. Kuwongolera koyenera kwa zomera kungathandize kwambiri kukula kwa ubereki. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mitengo yokhala ndi matupi amphamvu ndi maluwa ochepa achikazi, 15%Paclobutrazolufa wonyowa ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'nthaka mu April kapena autumn, ndi mlingo wa 2g-3g pa 1m², kapena 15%PaclobutrazolNthawi 150 yankho limatha kupopera masamba kawiri, onse omwe ali ndi vuto loletsa kukula kwa vegetative. Kwa wazaka 4 wamkulu-trunk fruiting walnuts, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 3000 mg.L wa Paclobutrazol kumachepetsa kutalika kwa nthambi za fruiting za chaka chimodzi ndi 36,83% poyerekeza ndi kulamulira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawaChlormequat Chloridepa ndende ya 3000 ppm panthawi ya kukula kwa mtedza kumachepetsa kukula kwa mtengo wa mtedza ndi masentimita 17.66 poyerekeza ndi kulamulira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kumayambiriro kwa mtedza kukula kwatsopano mphukira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 1500mg·L wa B9 ndi.Ethephonosakaniza pa mtedza masamba aliyense 15 masiku akhoza kwambiri kuchepetsa kutalika ndi thunthu circumference achinyamata mtedza mitengo, ndi kulimbikitsa oyambirira fruiting ya achinyamata mitengo.
2. Kuwongolera kusiyanitsa ndi kukula kwa maluwa
Maduwa a mitengo yazipatso ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa mtengowo kuchokera pakukula kwa vegetative kupita ku kukula kwa ubereki. Kusiyana kwawo kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni amkati, ma genetic, kuchuluka kwa michere, zinthu zomwe zimayendera kunja, komanso kukhudzika kwa masamba kuzinthu zakunja zachilengedwe. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawaNaphthalene acetic acid+ 3,6-Dihydroxypyridazineyankho pa masamba ang'onoang'ono a mtedza amatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa masamba a michere panthambi zazifupi. Kupopera mbewu kwaNaphthalene acetic acid ndi TIBAamatha kulamulira kuchuluka kwa maluwa aamuna ndi aakazi ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa masamba osiyanasiyana panthambi.
3. Limbikitsani kuchuluka kwa zipatso za mtedza ndikuwonjezera zokolola ndi zabwino
Kukhazikika kwa zipatso ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zokolola za mitengo yazipatso, ndipo zolepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu zimakhudza kwambiri kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zipatso, kuletsa kugwa kwa zipatso, ndikuwongolera bwino. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa walnuts ndiIndole-3-acetic acid (IBA)pa ndende ya 7 mg.L kawiri kawiri kuchuluka kwa zipatso kumakhala ndi 27% poyerekeza ndi kulamulira.
4. Kupititsa patsogolo kupulumuka kwa kumezanitsa
Kuphatikizika kwa mtedza kumagawika makamaka kukhala makungwa a khungwa, kudula, kulumikiza m'mimba ndi mphukira. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kupulumuka kwa ma scions. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pamene kumtengowo scions zilowerere mu6 BAyankho, mlingo kumera akhoza kufika 44.5%, amene ndi 10,8% apamwamba kuposa ulamuliro. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupulumuka kwa scion cut surface kumawonjezeka ndi 32.3% poyerekeza ndi kulamulira mwa kumiza scion cut surface mu 250 mgL /3-indolebutyric acid (IAA)yankho.
5. Limbikitsani kusweka kwa khungu la mtedza wobiriwira
Walnuts amakololedwa m'magulu pamene khungu lobiriwira likung'ambika 50%. Zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu zimatha kulimbikitsa kwambiri kung'ambika kwa khungu lobiriwira la mtedza, lomwe ndi losavuta kukolola pakati komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi masabata atatu musanayambe kukolola mtedza, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi chisakanizo cha 125 mg.ethephonndi 250 mg.L wanaphthaleneacetic acidimatha kufika 100% ya kusweka kwa khungu lobiriwira la mtedza, pomwe kugwa kwa masamba ndi 20% yokha. Kafukufuku wa Tian Ziwu et al. akuwonetsa kuti masiku 18 asanakolole, 10L yaethephon 500 mg + LNaphthalene acetic acid1000 mg.L yankho losakanikirana lidayikidwa mu walnuts wazaka 7, ndipo kuchuluka kwa peel yobiriwira kunafika 83%. Kusweka kwa peel wobiriwira kunali 78% pambuyo jekeseni masiku 6 asanakolole.
6. Kukula owongolera bwino mtedza kukana
Mlingo wa lignification wa mbande za mtedza ndi chinsinsi cha mtengo wokhoza kukana kuzizira kwambiri ndi chilala, ndipo ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira cha nyengo yozizira ya mbande za zipatso. Kugwiritsa ntchito owongolera kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mbande za lignification ndikuwongolera kukana. Kupopera mbewu kwaPaclobutrazol (Paclo)zitha kwambiri kuonjezera zimam`patsa mlingo wa mtedza mizu, zimayambira, ndi masamba, ndi kukhudza kaphatikizidwe wa zomera mafuta m`thupi ndi kuchepetsa synthesis ano zimalimbikitsa mafuta zidulo, potero zimakhudza nembanemba permeability ndi utithandize ozizira kukana.
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