Kushandisa Tekinoroji yeMisanganiswa Yezvipembenene
I. Kushandisa Tekinoroji yeMisanganiswa Yezvipembenene
Kubatanidza mishonga yezvipembenene haisi nyayawo zvayo yekusanganisa mishonga pamwe chete; inoda kuumbwa kwesainzi uye zvine musoro zvichibva pazvinhu zvakaita sekuisa pfungwa pakushandisa, nzira yekushandisa, uye kugona. Nheyo dzinotevera dzinofanirwa kunyatsocherechedzwa panguva yekugadzira:
(i) Synergism Principle: Kusanganisa maviri kana anopfuura mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kukonzera synergistic (inosimudzira) kana antagonistic (yakaderedzwa) mhedzisiro. Pamusoro pazvo, kusiyanisa mareshiyo ekusanganiswa kwemishonga miviri yakafanana inoshandura dhigirii rekuita kwayo. "Additive effect" inoitika kana huturu hwakasanganiswa hwemusanganiswa uchipesana nechimwe chipenyu hunoenzana nehuwandu hwehuturu hwezvikamu zvega zvakashandiswa zvakasiyana.
(ii) Toxicity Principle: Iko kusanganiswa hakufanirwe kuratidza kuwedzera kwehuturu kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadzika zvikamu; nguva yekushanda inofanira kuramba yakafanana kana kuwedzera; uye mazinga akasara haafaniri kudarika ayo anokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwevamiririri vega.
(iii) Phytotoxicity Principle: Mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene haina ngozi kuzvirimwa kana ichishandiswa yoga asi inogona kukonzera phytotoxicity kana yasanganiswa; nokudaro, kuchengetedzwa kwembesa kunofanirwa kunyatsotariswa panguva yekugadzira.
(iv) Resistance Principle: Sarudza marudzi emushonga wezvipembenene anoratidza kusapindirana kwezvipembenene (apo chipembenene chinotanga kurwisa chimwe chezvipembenene asi chinotapukira kune chimwe) kana, pazvishoma, dzivisa kusapindirana kwezvipembenene (apo kusapindira kwemushonga mumwe kunotungamirira kurwisa kune mumwe). Kazhinji, pyrethroids hairatidzi kuchinjika-kupikisa ne organophosphorus kana organonitrogen mishonga yezvipembenene uye inogona kusanganiswa.
(v) Acid-Base Reaction Principle: Mishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa haina kwayakarerekera kana kuti ine acid. Hazvifanirwe kusanganiswa nealkaline mishonga yezvipembenene-yakadai se lime-sulfur musanganiswa kana Bordeaux musanganiswa-kudzivisa kushandiswa kwemakemikari kunogona kuderedza kushanda.
Yakatanga kuwanikwa kuti sesamin (inowanikwa musesame mafuta) inoita synergistically nema natural pyrethrins; ipapo, akasiyana-siyana synergists akadai piperonyl butoxide (PBO), sulfoxide, MGK 264, uye vamwe. Aya ma-synergists haana maitiro ekuuraya zvipembenene ari ega; zvisinei, kana zvawedzerwa kune zvipembenene, zvinodzivisa chiito cheoxidative enzymes, kudzivirira chipembenene kubva pakuputsika uye nokudaro kuwedzera kushanda kwayo. Zvakadaro, ma synergists haakudze kushanda kwese mishonga yezvipembenene, uye chiyero chekusimudzira chinosiyana zvichienderana nechero mushonga unoshandiswa.
Kubatanidza mishonga yezvipembenene haisi nyayawo zvayo yekusanganisa mishonga pamwe chete; inoda kuumbwa kwesainzi uye zvine musoro zvichibva pazvinhu zvakaita sekuisa pfungwa pakushandisa, nzira yekushandisa, uye kugona. Nheyo dzinotevera dzinofanirwa kunyatsocherechedzwa panguva yekugadzira:
(i) Synergism Principle: Kusanganisa maviri kana anopfuura mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kukonzera synergistic (inosimudzira) kana antagonistic (yakaderedzwa) mhedzisiro. Pamusoro pazvo, kusiyanisa mareshiyo ekusanganiswa kwemishonga miviri yakafanana inoshandura dhigirii rekuita kwayo. "Additive effect" inoitika kana huturu hwakasanganiswa hwemusanganiswa uchipesana nechimwe chipenyu hunoenzana nehuwandu hwehuturu hwezvikamu zvega zvakashandiswa zvakasiyana.
(ii) Toxicity Principle: Iko kusanganiswa hakufanirwe kuratidza kuwedzera kwehuturu kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadzika zvikamu; nguva yekushanda inofanira kuramba yakafanana kana kuwedzera; uye mazinga akasara haafaniri kudarika ayo anokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwevamiririri vega.
(iii) Phytotoxicity Principle: Mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene haina ngozi kuzvirimwa kana ichishandiswa yoga asi inogona kukonzera phytotoxicity kana yasanganiswa; nokudaro, kuchengetedzwa kwembesa kunofanirwa kunyatsotariswa panguva yekugadzira.
(iv) Resistance Principle: Sarudza marudzi emushonga wezvipembenene anoratidza kusapindirana kwezvipembenene (apo chipembenene chinotanga kurwisa chimwe chezvipembenene asi chinotapukira kune chimwe) kana, pazvishoma, dzivisa kusapindirana kwezvipembenene (apo kusapindira kwemushonga mumwe kunotungamirira kurwisa kune mumwe). Kazhinji, pyrethroids hairatidzi kuchinjika-kupikisa ne organophosphorus kana organonitrogen mishonga yezvipembenene uye inogona kusanganiswa.
(v) Acid-Base Reaction Principle: Mishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa haina kwayakarerekera kana kuti ine acid. Hazvifanirwe kusanganiswa nealkaline mishonga yezvipembenene-yakadai se lime-sulfur musanganiswa kana Bordeaux musanganiswa-kudzivisa kushandiswa kwemakemikari kunogona kuderedza kushanda.
Yakatanga kuwanikwa kuti sesamin (inowanikwa musesame mafuta) inoita synergistically nema natural pyrethrins; ipapo, akasiyana-siyana synergists akadai piperonyl butoxide (PBO), sulfoxide, MGK 264, uye vamwe. Aya ma-synergists haana maitiro ekuuraya zvipembenene ari ega; zvisinei, kana zvawedzerwa kune zvipembenene, zvinodzivisa chiito cheoxidative enzymes, kudzivirira chipembenene kubva pakuputsika uye nokudaro kuwedzera kushanda kwayo. Zvakadaro, ma synergists haakudze kushanda kwese mishonga yezvipembenene, uye chiyero chekusimudzira chinosiyana zvichienderana nechero mushonga unoshandiswa.
