Itandukanyirizo ry'indabyo: Urufunguzo rwo Kwera Umusaruro Ukomeye hamwe n'Ubuziranenge mu musaruro w'imbuto
Itandukaniro ry'indabyo ni ikintu gikomeye kigena umusaruro mwinshi, umusaruro uhamye, n'ubwiza buhebuje mu musaruro w'imbuto. Gusa binyuze mu micungire inoze muri iki gihe cyihariye hashobora gutangwa umusaruro mwinshi wibihingwa.
Gutandukanya indabyo zindabyo ahanini zinyura mubyiciro bibiri bitandukanye: icyiciro cyo gutandukanya physiologique nicyiciro cyo gutandukanya morfologiya.
1. Itandukaniro rya Physiologique Icyiciro: Iki cyiciro kigena ihinduka ryumuti uva mu bimera bikomoka ku bimera bikamera. Intego yibanze yiki gihe nukwirundanya intungamubiri-byumwihariko, kwegeranya intungamubiri, ibintu bigenga, hamwe nibikoresho bikenerwa kugirango byubake ururabyo. Igisubizo cyimikoranire ihuriweho nibi bintu bitandukanye mubice bigize selile yibice byikura ni impinduka kuva mubihindagurika ryinshi igahinduka mubyiza, bityo bigashyiraho urufatiro rwibintu byo gutandukanya morfologiya.
2. Muri iki gihe, amababi y’indabyo n’ibimera bikomoka ku bimera bigenda bitandukana buhoro buhoro, bikerekana ko byinjiye mu cyiciro cyo gutandukanya morfologiya - cyane cyane icyiciro cyambere cyo kumera kwindabyo. Inzira noneho igenda ikurikirana binyuze mubice bitanu bitandukanye: gutandukanya calyx, gutandukanya amababi, gutandukanya stamen, gutandukanya pistil, nibindi nibindi. Ibikorwa byose mubisanzwe bitangira mu mpera zUgushyingo bikarangira hagati ya Werurwe-mpera za Werurwe umwaka ukurikira, bikamara iminsi igera ku 120. Ubwiza buhebuje bwururabyo rwindabyo bigenwa ahanini muriki cyiciro; kubwibyo rero, kugirango ugenzure neza ubuziranenge bwururabyo, ni ngombwa kwemeza inkunga ihagije yimirire mugihe cyose - uhereye mugice cyambere cyo kwegeranya intungamubiri kugeza mugice cyiterambere gikurikiraho aho ingingo zindabyo zigaragara neza.
Ibyingenzi Byingenzi Mugihe Cyibihingwa Indabyo Zitandukanya Igihe
1. Umucyo:Umucyo nikintu cyingirakamaro muburyo bwo gutandukanya indabyo. Mugihe cyumucyo uhagije, gutandukanya indabyo bigenda mubisanzwe kandi neza; ku rundi ruhande, urumuri rudakomeye rugabanya umusaruro wa metabolite ya fotosintetike, bityo bikagabanya intungamubiri zikenewe mu gutandukanya no kubangamira imikurire y’indabyo.
2. Ubushuhe:Mugihe cyimiterere yubushuhe bukwiye, intungamubiri zintungamubiri mubiti byimbuto birihuta kandi neza, bityo bigahaza intungamubiri zikenerwa no gutandukanya indabyo. Ku rundi ruhande, amapfa arenze urugero abuza kumera indabyo kandi bikongerera amahirwe yo gutanga indabyo nke cyangwa nkeya.
3. Intungamubiri:Byombi imikorere ya physiologique na morphologie yo gutandukanya indabyo zitanga umwanya munini cyane kubitunga intungamubiri. By'umwihariko, ibintu nka boron na fosifore bigira uruhare runini mu gutuma iterambere ritandukana neza. Muri iki gihe, ibura rya boron rishobora gutuma habaho ubumuga bwindabyo, mugihe kubura fosifore akenshi bivamo guta indabyo; ibintu byombi bigira ingaruka mbi cyane kumusaruro nubwiza bwimbuto.
4. Ubushyuhe:Gutandukanya indabyo zirashobora gukomeza mubisanzwe mubihe byubushyuhe bukwiye. Niba ubushyuhe budakwiriye, bizavamo kunanirwa gutandukanya indabyo no kugabanuka kwururabyo.
Igenzura ryikura ryibimera biteza imbere indabyo cyane cyane harimo cytokinine, paclobutrazol (Paclo), ethephon, chlormequat chloride (CCC), na brassinolide (BRs). Ibi bintu bikora muguhuza imisemburo ya hormone yibimera cyangwa mukurinda imikurire yibimera, bityo bigatuma igihingwa gihindura icyerekezo cyacyo kumikurire yimyororokere.
Abagenzuzi Bingenzi nuburyo bwabo bwo gukora:
Cytokinine (urugero, 6-BA)
Bitera mu buryo butaziguye igabana ry'uturemangingo muri primordia kandi bigatera ihinduka ry'ibimera bikomoka ku bimera, bikabagira imwe mu misemburo itaziguye kandi ikora neza yo guteza imbere indabyo. Birakwiriye kubihingwa nkibiti byimbuto nindabyo zumurimbo, bitanga umusaruro wingenzi mugihe ushyizwe mugihe cyo gutandukanya physiologique yindabyo.
Paclobutrazol (Paclo)
Irabuza synthèse ya gibberellin kugirango igabanye kuramba cyane kw'ibiti n'amababi, bityo bigatuma intungamubiri zitera kwibanda kumurabyo; ibi amaherezo byongera ubwinshi nubwiza bwururabyo. Ikoreshwa cyane mubiti byimbuto nka pome, citrusi, ninzabibu, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mugihe cya 100-150 ppm.
Etifoni
Kurekura Ethylene kugirango ihagarike ubwiganze bwa apical, bityo biteze imbere iterambere ryurubuto rwuruhande no gushinga indabyo. Ikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya indabyo mubiti byimbuto bya subtropicale na Aziya yepfo, nka lychees na longans.
Chlormequat Chloride (CCC)
Irabuza kurambura ingirabuzimafatizo, bityo bigahindura umwuka no kwinjira mumucyo mubihingwa; ibi byoroshya mu buryo butaziguye gutandukanya indabyo mugihe icyarimwe byongera igihingwa cyo kurwanya icumbi (kugwa hejuru).
Brassinolide (BRs)
Nubwo byashyizwe mubikorwa bigenzura ibintu byinshi, bishyigikira mu buryo butaziguye itandukanyirizo ry’indabyo mu kugenzura imikurire ikabije y’ibimera, kongera kwihanganira imihangayiko, no guteza imbere ihindurwa ry’ibicuruzwa bifotora byerekeza ku ngingo z’indabyo. Bafite umwirondoro mwinshi kandi birakwiriye gukoreshwa hamwe nifumbire ya fosifore-potasiyumu nifumbire ya boron.
Gutandukanya indabyo zindabyo ahanini zinyura mubyiciro bibiri bitandukanye: icyiciro cyo gutandukanya physiologique nicyiciro cyo gutandukanya morfologiya.
1. Itandukaniro rya Physiologique Icyiciro: Iki cyiciro kigena ihinduka ryumuti uva mu bimera bikomoka ku bimera bikamera. Intego yibanze yiki gihe nukwirundanya intungamubiri-byumwihariko, kwegeranya intungamubiri, ibintu bigenga, hamwe nibikoresho bikenerwa kugirango byubake ururabyo. Igisubizo cyimikoranire ihuriweho nibi bintu bitandukanye mubice bigize selile yibice byikura ni impinduka kuva mubihindagurika ryinshi igahinduka mubyiza, bityo bigashyiraho urufatiro rwibintu byo gutandukanya morfologiya.
2. Muri iki gihe, amababi y’indabyo n’ibimera bikomoka ku bimera bigenda bitandukana buhoro buhoro, bikerekana ko byinjiye mu cyiciro cyo gutandukanya morfologiya - cyane cyane icyiciro cyambere cyo kumera kwindabyo. Inzira noneho igenda ikurikirana binyuze mubice bitanu bitandukanye: gutandukanya calyx, gutandukanya amababi, gutandukanya stamen, gutandukanya pistil, nibindi nibindi. Ibikorwa byose mubisanzwe bitangira mu mpera zUgushyingo bikarangira hagati ya Werurwe-mpera za Werurwe umwaka ukurikira, bikamara iminsi igera ku 120. Ubwiza buhebuje bwururabyo rwindabyo bigenwa ahanini muriki cyiciro; kubwibyo rero, kugirango ugenzure neza ubuziranenge bwururabyo, ni ngombwa kwemeza inkunga ihagije yimirire mugihe cyose - uhereye mugice cyambere cyo kwegeranya intungamubiri kugeza mugice cyiterambere gikurikiraho aho ingingo zindabyo zigaragara neza.
Ibyingenzi Byingenzi Mugihe Cyibihingwa Indabyo Zitandukanya Igihe
1. Umucyo:Umucyo nikintu cyingirakamaro muburyo bwo gutandukanya indabyo. Mugihe cyumucyo uhagije, gutandukanya indabyo bigenda mubisanzwe kandi neza; ku rundi ruhande, urumuri rudakomeye rugabanya umusaruro wa metabolite ya fotosintetike, bityo bikagabanya intungamubiri zikenewe mu gutandukanya no kubangamira imikurire y’indabyo.
2. Ubushuhe:Mugihe cyimiterere yubushuhe bukwiye, intungamubiri zintungamubiri mubiti byimbuto birihuta kandi neza, bityo bigahaza intungamubiri zikenerwa no gutandukanya indabyo. Ku rundi ruhande, amapfa arenze urugero abuza kumera indabyo kandi bikongerera amahirwe yo gutanga indabyo nke cyangwa nkeya.
3. Intungamubiri:Byombi imikorere ya physiologique na morphologie yo gutandukanya indabyo zitanga umwanya munini cyane kubitunga intungamubiri. By'umwihariko, ibintu nka boron na fosifore bigira uruhare runini mu gutuma iterambere ritandukana neza. Muri iki gihe, ibura rya boron rishobora gutuma habaho ubumuga bwindabyo, mugihe kubura fosifore akenshi bivamo guta indabyo; ibintu byombi bigira ingaruka mbi cyane kumusaruro nubwiza bwimbuto.
4. Ubushyuhe:Gutandukanya indabyo zirashobora gukomeza mubisanzwe mubihe byubushyuhe bukwiye. Niba ubushyuhe budakwiriye, bizavamo kunanirwa gutandukanya indabyo no kugabanuka kwururabyo.
Igenzura ryikura ryibimera biteza imbere indabyo cyane cyane harimo cytokinine, paclobutrazol (Paclo), ethephon, chlormequat chloride (CCC), na brassinolide (BRs). Ibi bintu bikora muguhuza imisemburo ya hormone yibimera cyangwa mukurinda imikurire yibimera, bityo bigatuma igihingwa gihindura icyerekezo cyacyo kumikurire yimyororokere.
Abagenzuzi Bingenzi nuburyo bwabo bwo gukora:
Cytokinine (urugero, 6-BA)
Bitera mu buryo butaziguye igabana ry'uturemangingo muri primordia kandi bigatera ihinduka ry'ibimera bikomoka ku bimera, bikabagira imwe mu misemburo itaziguye kandi ikora neza yo guteza imbere indabyo. Birakwiriye kubihingwa nkibiti byimbuto nindabyo zumurimbo, bitanga umusaruro wingenzi mugihe ushyizwe mugihe cyo gutandukanya physiologique yindabyo.
Paclobutrazol (Paclo)
Irabuza synthèse ya gibberellin kugirango igabanye kuramba cyane kw'ibiti n'amababi, bityo bigatuma intungamubiri zitera kwibanda kumurabyo; ibi amaherezo byongera ubwinshi nubwiza bwururabyo. Ikoreshwa cyane mubiti byimbuto nka pome, citrusi, ninzabibu, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mugihe cya 100-150 ppm.
Etifoni
Kurekura Ethylene kugirango ihagarike ubwiganze bwa apical, bityo biteze imbere iterambere ryurubuto rwuruhande no gushinga indabyo. Ikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya indabyo mubiti byimbuto bya subtropicale na Aziya yepfo, nka lychees na longans.
Chlormequat Chloride (CCC)
Irabuza kurambura ingirabuzimafatizo, bityo bigahindura umwuka no kwinjira mumucyo mubihingwa; ibi byoroshya mu buryo butaziguye gutandukanya indabyo mugihe icyarimwe byongera igihingwa cyo kurwanya icumbi (kugwa hejuru).
Brassinolide (BRs)
Nubwo byashyizwe mubikorwa bigenzura ibintu byinshi, bishyigikira mu buryo butaziguye itandukanyirizo ry’indabyo mu kugenzura imikurire ikabije y’ibimera, kongera kwihanganira imihangayiko, no guteza imbere ihindurwa ry’ibicuruzwa bifotora byerekeza ku ngingo z’indabyo. Bafite umwirondoro mwinshi kandi birakwiriye gukoreshwa hamwe nifumbire ya fosifore-potasiyumu nifumbire ya boron.
Inyandiko za vuba
Amakuru Yerekanwe
