Umahluko weNtyantyambo: Isitshixo sokuZinzo neziVuno eziPhezulu kunye noMgangatho weMveliso yeZiqhamo

Umahluko weentyatyambo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo emisela izivuno eziphezulu, imveliso ezinzileyo, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu kwimveliso yeziqhamo zezityalo. Kuphela kungolawulo olusebenzayo ngeli xesha likhethekileyo apho kuya kuqinisekiswa izivuno eziphezulu zezityalo.
Umahluko wamathupha entyatyambo uqhubela phambili ngokwamanqanaba amabini ahlukeneyo: inqanaba lokwahlula ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nenqanaba lokwahluka kwe-morphological.

1. Inqanaba lePhysiological Differentiation: Eli nqanaba limisela ukuguqulwa kwe-axillary bud ukusuka kwihlumela lezityalo ukuya kwintyatyambo. Ingqwalasela ephambili yeli xesha kukuqokelelwa kwezondlo-ngokukodwa, ukuqokelela izondlo, izinto zokulawula, kunye nezixhobo zofuzo ezifunekayo ukwakha intyatyambo. Isiphumo sentsebenziswano elungelelanisiweyo yezi zinto zahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwamaqela eeseli kwindawo yokukhula lutshintsho olusuka kwinguqu yobungakanani ukuya kutshintsho lomgangatho, ngaloo ndlela kubekwa isiseko semathiriyeli sokwahlula okulandelayo kwe-morphological.

2. I-Morphological Differentiation Stage: Ukwakha phezu kwesigaba sokuhlukanisa i-physiological, eli xesha libonakaliswa ngotshintsho kwi-metabolism yezinto ze-primordia yeqabunga kunye nokuguqulwa kwi-tissue morphology yendawo yokukhula. Ngeli xesha, i-floral buds kunye ne-vegetative buds ziyakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthe ngcembe, ziphawula ukungena kwisigaba sokwahlukana kwe-morphological-ngokukodwa, isigaba sokuqala sokwakheka kweentyatyambo. Inkqubo ke iqhubela phambili ngokulandelelanayo ngokwamanqanaba amahlanu ahlukeneyo: ukwahlula kwecalyx, ukwahlula kwepetali, ukwahlula kwestamen, ukwahlula kwepistil, njalo njalo. Yonke le nkqubo idla ngokuqala ekupheleni kukaNovemba kwaye iphele phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kukaMatshi wonyaka olandelayo, ithatha ixesha elimalunga neentsuku ezili-120. Umgangatho wokugqibela weentyatyambo zentyatyambo umiselwa kakhulu ngeli nqanaba; Ngoko ke, ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho weentyatyambo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa inkxaso eyaneleyo yesondlo kulo lonke ixesha eliqhubekayo-ukusuka kwisigaba sokuqala sokuqokelelwa kwezondlo ukuya kwisigaba sophuhliso esilandelayo apho izitho zeentyatyambo zibonakala ngokubonakalayo.

Iingqwalaselo eziPhambili Ngexesha lokuMahluko kweNtyantyambo yeNtyantyambo

1. Ukukhanya:Ukukhanya yinto eyimfuneko yangaphandle kwinkqubo yokwahlulwa kwamahlumelo entyatyambo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zokukhanya okwaneleyo, ukuhlukana kweentyatyambo zentyatyambo kuqhubeka ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye kakuhle; ngokuchaseneyo, ukukhanya okubuthathaka kunciphisa ukuveliswa kwe-photosynthetic metabolites, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa unikezelo lwezondlo ezifunekayo ekwahluleni kwaye kuthintela ukuvela kweentyatyambo.

2. Ukufuma:Phantsi kweemeko zamaqondo okufuma afanelekileyo, ukujikeleziswa kwezondlo kwimithi yeziqhamo kukhawuleza kwaye kusebenze kakuhle, ngokwenjenjalo kwanelisa iimfuno zezondlo ezinxulumene nokwahlulwa kwamahlumelo entyatyambo. Ngokuchasene noko, isomiso esigqithisileyo sithintela ukubunjwa kweentyatyambo kunye nokwandisa amathuba okuvelisa iintyatyambo ezibuthathaka okanye eziphantsi.

3. Izakhamzimba:Zombini iinkqubo zephysiological and morphological of the flower bud mahluko zibeka imfuno ephezulu kakhulu yokufumaneka kwezondlo. Ngokukodwa, izinto ezifana ne-boron kunye ne-phosphorus zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni inkqubela phambili eyimpumelelo yokwahlulwa kwamathupha entyatyambo. Ngethuba le nkqubo, ukunqongophala kwe-boron kunokukhokelela ngokulula kukukhubazeka kweentyatyambo, ngelixa ukunqongophala kwe-phosphorus kudla ngokubangela ukuhla kweentyatyambo; zombini iimeko zinempembelelo embi kakhulu kwisivuno kunye nomgangatho wesiqhamo.

4. Ubushushu:Ukwahlulahlula kwentyatyambo kunokuqhubeka ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zobushushu. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu awafanelekanga, oko kuya kubangela ngokuthe ngqo ukungaphumeleli kokwahlulo lwentyatyambo kunye nokunciphisa isantya seentyatyambo.

Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo ezikhuthaza ukuhlukana kweentyatyambo ngokuyinhloko ziquka i-cytokinins, i-paclobutrazol (i-Paclo), i-ethephon, i-chlormequat chloride (CCC), kunye ne-brassinolides (BRs). Ezi zinto zisebenza ngokulawula ulungelelwaniso lweehomoni zezityalo okanye ngokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo, ngaloo ndlela zibangela ukuba isityalo sitshintshe ujoliso lwaso ekukhuleni kokuzala.


Abalawuli abaPhambili kunye neendlela zabo zokuSebenza:
Iicytokinins (umzekelo, 6-BA)
Ukuvuselela ngokuthe ngqo ukwahlukana kweeseli ngaphakathi kwi-bud primordia kwaye ukhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwe-vegetative buds ibe yintyatyambo yeentyatyambo, iyenze ibe yenye yezona hormone ezithe ngqo kunye nezisebenzayo zokukhuthaza ukudubula kweentyatyambo. Zizilungele izityalo ezifana nemithi yeziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo zokuhombisa, kwaye zivelisa iziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu xa zisetyenziswa ngexesha lokwahlulahluko kweentyatyambo.

Paclobutrazol (Paclo)
Inqanda ukuhlanganiswa kwegibberellin ukunqanda ukwanda okugqithisileyo kweziqu kunye namagqabi, ngaloo ndlela inyanzelela izondlo ukuba zigxile ngaphakathi kweentyatyambo; oku ekugqibeleni kwandisa zombini ubuninzi kunye nomgangatho weentyatyambo zeentyatyambo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimithi yeziqhamo efana nama-apile, isitrasi, kunye neediliya, ngokuqhelekileyo igalelwa kuxinzelelo lwe-100-150 ppm.

I-Ethephon
Ikhupha i-ethylene ukucinezela ubukhosi be-apical, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwe-lateral buds kunye nokwakheka kweentyatyambo zeentyatyambo. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukulawula iintyatyambo kwimithi yeziqhamo yase-Asiya kunye ne-subtropic, efana ne-lychees kunye ne-longans.

I-Chlormequat Chloride (CCC)
Inqanda ukwandiswa kweeseli ze-stem, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukungena komoya kunye nokungena kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwecanopy yesityalo; oku kuququzelela ngokungangqalanga ukwahlulahluko kwentyatyambo ngelixa ngaxeshanye kuphucula ukuxhathisa kwesityalo kwindawo yokuhlala (ukuwa).

IiBrassinolides (BRs)
Nangona zihlelwa njengabalawuli ababanzi, baxhasa ngokungangqalanga ukwahlulahluko kwentyatyambo ngokulawula ukukhula okugqithisileyo kwezityalo, ukomeleza unyamezelo loxinzelelo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kweemveliso zephotosynthetic ukuya kumalungu eentyatyambo. Zineprofayili yokhuseleko oluphezulu kwaye zikulungele ukusetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa nezichumisi ze-phosphorus-potassium kunye nezichumisi ze-boron.