Ubuchwepheshe Besicelo Senhlanganisela Yezinambuzane
I. Ubuchwepheshe Besicelo Senhlanganisela Yezinambuzane
Ukuhlanganisa ama-insecticides akuyona nje indaba yokuxuba ama-ejenti ndawonye; idinga ukwakheka kwesayensi nokuhluzekile okusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nokugxilisa uhlelo lokusebenza, indlela yokusetshenziswa, nempumelelo. Izimiso ezilandelayo kufanele zibhekwe ngokuqinile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa:
(i) Isimiso se-Synergism: Ukuxuba ama-insecticide amabili noma ngaphezulu kungaholela emiphumeleni ye-synergistic (ethuthukisiwe) noma ephikisanayo (encishisiwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha izilinganiso zokuxuba izibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili ezifanayo kushintsha izinga lomthelela wazo. "Umphumela ongeziwe" uvela lapho ubuthi obuhlanganisiwe bengxube buphikisana nento ephilayo bulingana nesamba sobuthi bezingxenye ezingazodwana ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlukene.
(ii) Isimiso Sobuthi: Ingxube akufanele ibonise ubuthi obuningi uma iqhathaniswa nezingxenye ngazinye; ubude besikhathi sokusebenza kufanele buhlale bufana noma bukhuphuke; futhi amazinga ayizinsalela akufanele eqe lawo avela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ejenti ngayinye.
(iii) Isimiso Se-Phytotoxicity: Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ziphephile izitshalo uma zisetshenziswa ngazinye kodwa zingadala ubuthi lapho zixutshwa; ngakho-ke, ukuphepha kwezitshalo kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokubunjwa.
(iv) Isimiso Sokumelana: Khetha izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibonisa ukungezwani okungekuhle (lapho izinambuzane ziqala ukumelana nesibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa kodwa zibe lula ukungenwa esinye) noma, okungenani, gwema ukumelana nokwehlukana (lapho ukumelana nesibulala-zinambuzane kuholela ekumelaneni nesinye). Ngokuvamile, ama-pyrethroids awabonisi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus noma i-organonitrogen futhi angaxutshwa.
(v) Isimiso Se-Acid-Base Reaction: Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi okwamanje ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni azithathi hlangothi noma zine-asidi kancane. Akufanele zixutshwe nezibulala-zinambuzane ezine-alkaline—njengengxube ye-lime-sulphur noma ingxube ye-Bordeaux—ukuze kugwenywe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle.
Kwaqala kwatholakala ukuthi i-sesamin (etholakala emafutheni esesame) isebenza ngokuvumelana nama-pyrethrins emvelo; kamuva, ama-synergists ahlukahlukene afana ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-sulfoxide, i-MGK 264, nabanye. Lawa ma-synergists awanawo umsebenzi oqondile wokubulala izinambuzane ngokwawo; kodwa-ke, uma zengezwe kuma-insecticides, zivimbela isenzo sama-enzyme e-oxidative, ukuvimbela insecticide ukuba iphule futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo. Noma kunjalo, ama-synergists awakukhuthazi ukusebenza kwazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane, futhi izinga lokuthuthuka liyahlukahluka kuye ngesibulala-zinambuzane esithile esisetshenzisiwe.
Ukuhlanganisa ama-insecticides akuyona nje indaba yokuxuba ama-ejenti ndawonye; idinga ukwakheka kwesayensi nokuhluzekile okusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nokugxilisa uhlelo lokusebenza, indlela yokusetshenziswa, nempumelelo. Izimiso ezilandelayo kufanele zibhekwe ngokuqinile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa:
(i) Isimiso se-Synergism: Ukuxuba ama-insecticide amabili noma ngaphezulu kungaholela emiphumeleni ye-synergistic (ethuthukisiwe) noma ephikisanayo (encishisiwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha izilinganiso zokuxuba izibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili ezifanayo kushintsha izinga lomthelela wazo. "Umphumela ongeziwe" uvela lapho ubuthi obuhlanganisiwe bengxube buphikisana nento ephilayo bulingana nesamba sobuthi bezingxenye ezingazodwana ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlukene.
(ii) Isimiso Sobuthi: Ingxube akufanele ibonise ubuthi obuningi uma iqhathaniswa nezingxenye ngazinye; ubude besikhathi sokusebenza kufanele buhlale bufana noma bukhuphuke; futhi amazinga ayizinsalela akufanele eqe lawo avela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ejenti ngayinye.
(iii) Isimiso Se-Phytotoxicity: Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ziphephile izitshalo uma zisetshenziswa ngazinye kodwa zingadala ubuthi lapho zixutshwa; ngakho-ke, ukuphepha kwezitshalo kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokubunjwa.
(iv) Isimiso Sokumelana: Khetha izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibonisa ukungezwani okungekuhle (lapho izinambuzane ziqala ukumelana nesibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa kodwa zibe lula ukungenwa esinye) noma, okungenani, gwema ukumelana nokwehlukana (lapho ukumelana nesibulala-zinambuzane kuholela ekumelaneni nesinye). Ngokuvamile, ama-pyrethroids awabonisi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus noma i-organonitrogen futhi angaxutshwa.
(v) Isimiso Se-Acid-Base Reaction: Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi okwamanje ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni azithathi hlangothi noma zine-asidi kancane. Akufanele zixutshwe nezibulala-zinambuzane ezine-alkaline—njengengxube ye-lime-sulphur noma ingxube ye-Bordeaux—ukuze kugwenywe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle.
Kwaqala kwatholakala ukuthi i-sesamin (etholakala emafutheni esesame) isebenza ngokuvumelana nama-pyrethrins emvelo; kamuva, ama-synergists ahlukahlukene afana ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-sulfoxide, i-MGK 264, nabanye. Lawa ma-synergists awanawo umsebenzi oqondile wokubulala izinambuzane ngokwawo; kodwa-ke, uma zengezwe kuma-insecticides, zivimbela isenzo sama-enzyme e-oxidative, ukuvimbela insecticide ukuba iphule futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo. Noma kunjalo, ama-synergists awakukhuthazi ukusebenza kwazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane, futhi izinga lokuthuthuka liyahlukahluka kuye ngesibulala-zinambuzane esithile esisetshenzisiwe.
