Ukusetshenziswa Kwesayensi Nokunengqondo Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo zihlukene ngohlobo nezici. Ukuze basebenzise ngokugcwele imisebenzi yabo ekukhiqizeni, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukusebenza komlawuli ngamunye kanye nezinkinga ezidinga ukubhekwana nazo ekukhiqizeni.
(I) Izinto Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
1. Isimo sezulu
Izinga lokushisa lithinta ukusebenza kahle kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo. Izilawuli ze-Phenoxyacetic acid ezifana ne-S-ABA ne-DTCPA zinezidingo eziqinile zokushisa; amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi azodala imiphumela emibi.
2. Ukugxila Kwesilawuli Sokukhula Kwezitshalo
Isici esibalulekile sezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ukuthi ezinye zingabalawuli kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula. Emazingeni aphansi, alawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, kuyilapho ezindaweni eziphakeme, asebenza njengokulawula ukhula. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhetha kahle izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokugxila kwazo.
3. Izitshalo
Ukugxila okufanele kwesilawuli sokukhula ngasinye kuyehluka kuye ngesitshalo, futhi ukugxilisa okufanayo kungaba nemiphumela ehlukene ezithweni ezihlukene zesitshalo esifanayo. Isibonelo, i-ethephon ekuhlanganiseni kwe-1000 mg/kg ezithonjeni zelayisi ngeke ibangele i-phytotoxicity, kodwa ukuyifafaza ku-hawthorn kungabangela ukuwa kwamaqabunga. Ngokufanayo, i-2,4-D, i-ejenti yokubeka izithelo yamatamatisi, ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwe-10 mg/kg; ayibangeli i-phytotoxicity kumacembe kodwa yenza emaqabungeni. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo ezahlukene zinozwela oluhlukene kubalawuli abahlukene bokukhula kwezitshalo, futhi izilawuli ezifanele zokukhula kwezitshalo kufanele zikhethwe ngokwezidingo ezihlukene zesilimo ngasinye.
4. Ukuphathwa Kokulima
Ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kuhlobene eduze nokuphathwa kokulima. Isibonelo, ukwelapha amasimu kakolweni abuthaka ngezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezimelana nendawo yokuhlala ngokuvamile akulethi imiphumela emihle. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi nomanyolo okwandisiwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula okunamandla. Imiphumela ebalulekile itholakala kuphela uma isetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezinamandla kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-paclobutrazol esetshenziswa ezitshalweni zerayisi zesizini yakamuva ekulinyweni okuqhubekayo ingabangela izinkinga zesihloko uma izithombo zikhishwa, kodwa uma umbhede wembewu ulinyiwe futhi utshalwe kabusha, ngeke kuphazamise isilimo esilandelayo.
(II) Ukusetshenziswa Okulungile Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
1. Ukukhetha Okulungile Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Ezisebenzayo
Ukukhetha izilawuli zokukhula ezifanele kuyisidingo. Lapho ukhetha, amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele aqashelwe:
Okokuqala, qonda izici eziyisisekelo zabalawuli bokukhula. Njengamanje, kutholwe ama-ejenti angaphezu kuka-400 anemisebenzi yokulawula umzimba wezitshalo. Njengoba isilawuli ngasinye sinezinto zaso ze-physicochemical, indlela yokusebenza, nezitshalo ezisebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amaphuzu abalulekile nezinyathelo zokuphepha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
Okwesibili, cacisa inhloso yokusebenzisa isilawuli sokukhula. Izilawuli zokukhula ezisetshenziswa ngokuvamile zinemisebenzi efana nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande, ukuvimbela ukukhula, ukuvikela izimbali nezithelo, ukwanda koshukela, ukubulala izitho zabesilisa zokuzala, nokusheshisa ukuvuthwa. Kodwa-ke, isilimo ngasinye sinezidingo ezihlukene zomzimba ezigabeni zokukhula ezihlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kufanele kusekelwe esigabeni esithile sokukhula kanye nesigaba sokukhula.
Okwesithathu, qinisekisa ukuxutshwa okufanele kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, ukuxuba i-Naphthyl Acetic Acid ne-Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) kungathuthukisa umthelela wokukhuthaza impande ezitshalweni.
Okwesine, yenza izivivinyo eziphelele kanye nemiboniso yabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kuvame ukuthonywa izimo zezwe kanye nesimo sezulu, futhi umthamo nokugxila kufanele kuhluke phakathi kwezifunda. Kuzilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezingakaze zisetshenziswe ngaphambili, izivivinyo kufanele zenziwe ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo.
Okwesihlanu, qaphela izinga lomkhiqizo labalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ukuvimbela ukwethulwa kwezilawuli zomgunyathi noma ezisezingeni eliphansi zokukhula kwezitshalo.
2. Lungiselela Kahle Ukugxiliswa Okusebenzayo Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
Okwesithathu, nquma ukuhlushwa kwesicelo ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokushisa.
Okwesine, lungisa kahle ukugxila ngokusekelwe ezingxenyeni ezisebenzayo zokulawula ukukhula kwesitshalo. Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezinokuqukethwe okuhlukile okusebenzayo (isb., amakristalu angu-85% e-GA, i-emulsion engu-4% ye-GA), ukugxila kufanele kuhlanjululwe ngenani elifanele lamanzi ngokusho kwezingxenye ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi sokulungiselela.
3. Ziphathe Kahle Izindlela Zokufaka Isicelo Sezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
Izindlela zokusebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukufafaza, ukufaka amabala, nokucwiliswa.
(1) Ukufafaza: Lapho usebenzisa indlela yokufafaza, ngaphezu kokwazi isikhathi esifanele nokugxilisa ingqondo, kuyadingeka futhi ukukhetha amasimu afanelekayo okufutha. Isibonelo, lapho ufutha ukotini ngezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezifana ne-chlormequat chloride noma i-mepiquat chloride, khetha amasimu anesiqu esinamandla nokukhula kwamaqabunga.
(2) Ukusetshenziswa kwamabala: Lapho usebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngokufaka amabala, khetha isilawuli sokukhula kwesitshalo esifanele kanye nokugxilisa ingqondo, futhi ugweme ukufaka amabala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
(3) Ukucwilisa: Uma usebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngokucwilisa, qaphela ubudlelwano phakathi kokugxilisa ingqondo nendawo ezungezile. Isibonelo, lapho umoya womile, ukuhwamuka kwamagatsha namaqabunga kuphezulu, ngakho-ke ukugxila kufanele kukhuliswe ngokufanele futhi isikhathi sokucwilisa sifinyezwe ukuze kugwenywe ukumuncwa ngokweqile yizicucu futhi kubangele i-phytotoxicity. Okwesibili, qaphela izinga lokushisa lokusika. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa elilungile lokuhluma nokuhluma lingama-20-30 ℃. Okwesithathu, phatha ukusikwa ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo. Kungcono ukubeka ama-cuttings endaweni enomoya omuhle, umhlabathi oyisihlabathi ongenamanzi noma esihlabathini esihle, futhi uvimbele ilanga eliqondile.
4. Phatha kahle izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngemuva kokufaka isicelo.
Ezitshalweni ezisebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, ukuphathwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngezimpawu zokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nezidingo ezithile zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo.
(I) Izinto Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
1. Isimo sezulu
Izinga lokushisa lithinta ukusebenza kahle kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo. Izilawuli ze-Phenoxyacetic acid ezifana ne-S-ABA ne-DTCPA zinezidingo eziqinile zokushisa; amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi azodala imiphumela emibi.
2. Ukugxila Kwesilawuli Sokukhula Kwezitshalo
Isici esibalulekile sezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ukuthi ezinye zingabalawuli kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula. Emazingeni aphansi, alawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, kuyilapho ezindaweni eziphakeme, asebenza njengokulawula ukhula. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhetha kahle izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokugxila kwazo.
3. Izitshalo
Ukugxila okufanele kwesilawuli sokukhula ngasinye kuyehluka kuye ngesitshalo, futhi ukugxilisa okufanayo kungaba nemiphumela ehlukene ezithweni ezihlukene zesitshalo esifanayo. Isibonelo, i-ethephon ekuhlanganiseni kwe-1000 mg/kg ezithonjeni zelayisi ngeke ibangele i-phytotoxicity, kodwa ukuyifafaza ku-hawthorn kungabangela ukuwa kwamaqabunga. Ngokufanayo, i-2,4-D, i-ejenti yokubeka izithelo yamatamatisi, ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwe-10 mg/kg; ayibangeli i-phytotoxicity kumacembe kodwa yenza emaqabungeni. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo ezahlukene zinozwela oluhlukene kubalawuli abahlukene bokukhula kwezitshalo, futhi izilawuli ezifanele zokukhula kwezitshalo kufanele zikhethwe ngokwezidingo ezihlukene zesilimo ngasinye.
4. Ukuphathwa Kokulima
Ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kuhlobene eduze nokuphathwa kokulima. Isibonelo, ukwelapha amasimu kakolweni abuthaka ngezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezimelana nendawo yokuhlala ngokuvamile akulethi imiphumela emihle. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi nomanyolo okwandisiwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula okunamandla. Imiphumela ebalulekile itholakala kuphela uma isetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezinamandla kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-paclobutrazol esetshenziswa ezitshalweni zerayisi zesizini yakamuva ekulinyweni okuqhubekayo ingabangela izinkinga zesihloko uma izithombo zikhishwa, kodwa uma umbhede wembewu ulinyiwe futhi utshalwe kabusha, ngeke kuphazamise isilimo esilandelayo.
(II) Ukusetshenziswa Okulungile Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
1. Ukukhetha Okulungile Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Ezisebenzayo
Ukukhetha izilawuli zokukhula ezifanele kuyisidingo. Lapho ukhetha, amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele aqashelwe:
Okokuqala, qonda izici eziyisisekelo zabalawuli bokukhula. Njengamanje, kutholwe ama-ejenti angaphezu kuka-400 anemisebenzi yokulawula umzimba wezitshalo. Njengoba isilawuli ngasinye sinezinto zaso ze-physicochemical, indlela yokusebenza, nezitshalo ezisebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amaphuzu abalulekile nezinyathelo zokuphepha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
Okwesibili, cacisa inhloso yokusebenzisa isilawuli sokukhula. Izilawuli zokukhula ezisetshenziswa ngokuvamile zinemisebenzi efana nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande, ukuvimbela ukukhula, ukuvikela izimbali nezithelo, ukwanda koshukela, ukubulala izitho zabesilisa zokuzala, nokusheshisa ukuvuthwa. Kodwa-ke, isilimo ngasinye sinezidingo ezihlukene zomzimba ezigabeni zokukhula ezihlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kufanele kusekelwe esigabeni esithile sokukhula kanye nesigaba sokukhula.
Okwesithathu, qinisekisa ukuxutshwa okufanele kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, ukuxuba i-Naphthyl Acetic Acid ne-Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) kungathuthukisa umthelela wokukhuthaza impande ezitshalweni.
Okwesine, yenza izivivinyo eziphelele kanye nemiboniso yabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kuvame ukuthonywa izimo zezwe kanye nesimo sezulu, futhi umthamo nokugxila kufanele kuhluke phakathi kwezifunda. Kuzilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezingakaze zisetshenziswe ngaphambili, izivivinyo kufanele zenziwe ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo.
Okwesihlanu, qaphela izinga lomkhiqizo labalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ukuvimbela ukwethulwa kwezilawuli zomgunyathi noma ezisezingeni eliphansi zokukhula kwezitshalo.
2. Lungiselela Kahle Ukugxiliswa Okusebenzayo Kwezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
Okwesithathu, nquma ukuhlushwa kwesicelo ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokushisa.
Okwesine, lungisa kahle ukugxila ngokusekelwe ezingxenyeni ezisebenzayo zokulawula ukukhula kwesitshalo. Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezinokuqukethwe okuhlukile okusebenzayo (isb., amakristalu angu-85% e-GA, i-emulsion engu-4% ye-GA), ukugxila kufanele kuhlanjululwe ngenani elifanele lamanzi ngokusho kwezingxenye ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi sokulungiselela.
3. Ziphathe Kahle Izindlela Zokufaka Isicelo Sezilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo
Izindlela zokusebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukufafaza, ukufaka amabala, nokucwiliswa.
(1) Ukufafaza: Lapho usebenzisa indlela yokufafaza, ngaphezu kokwazi isikhathi esifanele nokugxilisa ingqondo, kuyadingeka futhi ukukhetha amasimu afanelekayo okufutha. Isibonelo, lapho ufutha ukotini ngezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ezifana ne-chlormequat chloride noma i-mepiquat chloride, khetha amasimu anesiqu esinamandla nokukhula kwamaqabunga.
(2) Ukusetshenziswa kwamabala: Lapho usebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngokufaka amabala, khetha isilawuli sokukhula kwesitshalo esifanele kanye nokugxilisa ingqondo, futhi ugweme ukufaka amabala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
(3) Ukucwilisa: Uma usebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngokucwilisa, qaphela ubudlelwano phakathi kokugxilisa ingqondo nendawo ezungezile. Isibonelo, lapho umoya womile, ukuhwamuka kwamagatsha namaqabunga kuphezulu, ngakho-ke ukugxila kufanele kukhuliswe ngokufanele futhi isikhathi sokucwilisa sifinyezwe ukuze kugwenywe ukumuncwa ngokweqile yizicucu futhi kubangele i-phytotoxicity. Okwesibili, qaphela izinga lokushisa lokusika. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa elilungile lokuhluma nokuhluma lingama-20-30 ℃. Okwesithathu, phatha ukusikwa ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo. Kungcono ukubeka ama-cuttings endaweni enomoya omuhle, umhlabathi oyisihlabathi ongenamanzi noma esihlabathini esihle, futhi uvimbele ilanga eliqondile.
4. Phatha kahle izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngemuva kokufaka isicelo.
Ezitshalweni ezisebenzisa izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, ukuphathwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngezimpawu zokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nezidingo ezithile zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo.
