Incazelo emfushane yesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo (ama-PGRs) ziyizinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezenziwe ngokuzenzisa ezinemiphumela efanayo yezemvelo kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo njengamahomoni ezitshalo angapheli. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo siyingxenye ebanzi yezibulala-zinambuzane futhi siyikilasi lezibulala-zinambuzane ezilawula ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa izinhlanganisela zokwenziwa ezifana namahomoni ezitshalo zemvelo namahomoni akhishwa ngokuqondile ezintweni eziphilayo.
Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo siyinto entsha ehlanganiswe ngokwenziwa noma ekhuliswe ukuze ibe nemiphumela efanayo engokomzimba neyebhayoloji kumahomoni ezitshalo. Ukuze kulawulwe ngempumelelo inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo, kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yezitshalo, kuthuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo, kuzinzise isivuno nokwandisa isivuno, njll.
Ezinye izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo zingakhiqizwa izitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kodwa zingabuye zifakwe ezitshalweni ngokufafaza. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo silawula ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana ezitshalo, ukunwetshwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba, ukuqhakaza nokuthela, ukuvuthwa kanye nokuhluma, ukulala nokuhluma, ngokulandelana noma ngokubambisana komunye nomunye, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela oyifunayo.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo zingahlukaniswa cishe zibe izigaba ezintathu ngokuya ngendima yazo:
Isigaba sokuqala ngabagqugquzeli bokukhula kwezitshalo.
Ingakhuthaza ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana ezitshalo, ukwahlukanisa kanye nokwelulwa, ikhuthaze ukukhula kwezitho ezimilayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezitho zokuzala, ivimbele ukuwa kwezithelo, ikhuthaze ukumila kwezitshalo nokuhluma, futhi yenze i-parthenocarpy. Indima yokulawula ifana neye-auxins, ama-cytokinins noma ama-gibberellins phakathi kwama-hormone ezitshalo angapheli. Abagqugquzeli abavamile bokukhula kwezitshalo bahlanganisa i-indole-3-acetic acid, i-indole-3-butyric acid, i-α-naphthylacetic acid, i-6-BA, i-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, ne-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Isigaba sesibili ama-plant growth inhibitors.
Ingavimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo ze-apical meristems nokuhluma kwezitshalo, isuse inzuzo ye-apical futhi yandise amagatsha aseceleni, futhi iqede ukhula, njll. Imiphumela ye-inhibitors yokukhula kwezitshalo ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa ngokufakwa kwe-gibberellins. Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zingasebenza njengezivimbela ukukhula uma zisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu. Umphumela wokulawula ufana nalowo we-abscisic acid kuma-hormone ezitshalo angapheli. Ama-inhibitors avamile okukhula kwezitshalo ahlanganisa i-maleic acid hydrazide, i-glyphosate, i-plasticine, i-statin, i-statin, i-triiodobenzoic acid, njll.
Isigaba sesithathu yizinqanda ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Ingavimbela ukukhula kwama-sub-apical meristems ezitshalo futhi ivimbele ukunwebeka kwama-internode ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukukhula kwama-terminal buds. Kwenza isiqu sesitshalo sibe mfushane futhi sibe mkhulu, futhi kwandisa ukujiya kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll emaqabunga. Njengoba ngokuyinhloko ilawula ukuhlanganiswa kwe-gibberellins ezitshalweni, imiphumela yayo ingabuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa ama-gibberellins. Izidakamizwa ezivamile zokukhula kwezitshalo zihlanganisa: i-chlormequat, i-benzylamine, i-paclobutrazol, i-butyrohydrazide, i-uniconazole, i-trinexapac-ethyl, njll.
Ungasisebenzisa kanjani isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo?
1. Umthamo wesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kufanele ube ofanele futhi akufanele ukhuliswe ngokuthanda kwakho. Ukwandisa umthamo noma ukugxila ngokuthanda kwakho ngeke nje kuhluleke ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi kuzovimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi kuholele ngisho nokukhubazeka kwamaqabunga, amaqabunga omile nokufa kwaso sonke isitshalo.
2. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo asikwazi ukuxutshwa ngokuthanda kwakhe. Abalimi abaningi bavame ukuxuba izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo nezinye izivundisi, izibulala-zinambuzane, nezibulala-sikhunta. Ukuthi Isilawuli Sokukhula Kwezitshalo singahlanganiswa nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izinto kufanele kunqunywe ngokuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe ngemva kokufunda ngokucophelela imiyalelo. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke nje ihluleke ukukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho noma ukuvikela izimbali nezithelo, kodwa izophinde ibangele ukulimala ezitshalweni.
3. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokunengqondo. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kufanele silungiswe sibe yisixazululo sikamama kusengaphambili, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba nzima ukuxuba i-ejenti futhi kuzothinta ngqo umphumela wokusetshenziswa. Idinga ukuhlanjululwa ngokuvumelana neziqondiso lapho uyisebenzisa. Naka izinyathelo zokuzivikela lapho uyisebenzisa.
4. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo asikwazi ukuthatha indawo kamanyolo wamakhemikhali. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo singadlala indima yokulawula kuphela futhi ngeke sisetshenziswe esikhundleni sikamanyolo. Endabeni yamanzi nomanyolo onganele, ukufafaza isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kakhulu kuyingozi ezitshalweni.
Izinzuzo zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo
1. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo sinezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwe-Plant Growth Regulator ihlanganisa cishe zonke izitshalo eziphakeme neziphansi embonini yokutshala, futhi ilawula i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, ukumuncwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nendlela yokusebenza kwezitshalo, ukudluliswa kwamasignali, ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwe-stomata, nokulawula umfutho we-osmotic. , i-transpiration nezinye izinqubo ze-physiological, ngaleyo ndlela ilawula ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, ithuthukise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezitshalo nemvelo, ithuthukise ukumelana nengcindezi yezitshalo, ikhulise isivuno, futhi ithuthukise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezolimo.
2. Isilinganiso sincane, isivinini siyashesha, nokusebenza kahle kuphezulu. Izitshalo eziningi zidinga ukufafazwa kanye kuphela ngesikhathi esishiwo ngesikhathi sonyaka.
3. Ingakwazi ukulawula ngokuphindwe kabili izici zangaphandle kanye nezinqubo zangaphakathi zomzimba zezitshalo.
4. Okuhloswe kakhulu futhi professional. Ingaxazulula ezinye izinkinga okunzima ukuzixazulula ngezinye izindlela, njengokwakheka kwezithelo ezingenambewu.
Isifinyezo sesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo
Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bezolimo bendabuko, ukusetshenziswa kwesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kunezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi, imiphumela esheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, nokonga abasebenzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kube ngesinye sezinyathelo ezibalulekile kwezolimo zanamuhla. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izitshalo zemali, izitshalo zokusanhlamvu namafutha, imifino, izihlahla zezithelo, izitshalo ze-horticultural, izinto zokwelapha zaseShayina, kanye nesikhunta esidliwayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane nemikhiqizo kamanyolo, ithuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo ngokushesha futhi inesilinganiso esikhulu sokuphumayo.
Ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezitshalo kuzodlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni noma ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo, ukwandisa isivuno, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo, njll., futhi kulungele ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo okukhulu nokunamandla. Ixubene nama-fungicides, umanyolo oncibilika emanzini, njll., futhi iyisekelo elibalulekile lokuhlanganisa amanzi nomanyolo.
Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo siyinto entsha ehlanganiswe ngokwenziwa noma ekhuliswe ukuze ibe nemiphumela efanayo engokomzimba neyebhayoloji kumahomoni ezitshalo. Ukuze kulawulwe ngempumelelo inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo, kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yezitshalo, kuthuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo, kuzinzise isivuno nokwandisa isivuno, njll.
Ezinye izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo zingakhiqizwa izitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kodwa zingabuye zifakwe ezitshalweni ngokufafaza. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo silawula ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana ezitshalo, ukunwetshwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba, ukuqhakaza nokuthela, ukuvuthwa kanye nokuhluma, ukulala nokuhluma, ngokulandelana noma ngokubambisana komunye nomunye, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela oyifunayo.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo zingahlukaniswa cishe zibe izigaba ezintathu ngokuya ngendima yazo:
Isigaba sokuqala ngabagqugquzeli bokukhula kwezitshalo.
Ingakhuthaza ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana ezitshalo, ukwahlukanisa kanye nokwelulwa, ikhuthaze ukukhula kwezitho ezimilayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezitho zokuzala, ivimbele ukuwa kwezithelo, ikhuthaze ukumila kwezitshalo nokuhluma, futhi yenze i-parthenocarpy. Indima yokulawula ifana neye-auxins, ama-cytokinins noma ama-gibberellins phakathi kwama-hormone ezitshalo angapheli. Abagqugquzeli abavamile bokukhula kwezitshalo bahlanganisa i-indole-3-acetic acid, i-indole-3-butyric acid, i-α-naphthylacetic acid, i-6-BA, i-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, ne-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Isigaba sesibili ama-plant growth inhibitors.
Ingavimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo ze-apical meristems nokuhluma kwezitshalo, isuse inzuzo ye-apical futhi yandise amagatsha aseceleni, futhi iqede ukhula, njll. Imiphumela ye-inhibitors yokukhula kwezitshalo ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa ngokufakwa kwe-gibberellins. Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zingasebenza njengezivimbela ukukhula uma zisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu. Umphumela wokulawula ufana nalowo we-abscisic acid kuma-hormone ezitshalo angapheli. Ama-inhibitors avamile okukhula kwezitshalo ahlanganisa i-maleic acid hydrazide, i-glyphosate, i-plasticine, i-statin, i-statin, i-triiodobenzoic acid, njll.
Isigaba sesithathu yizinqanda ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Ingavimbela ukukhula kwama-sub-apical meristems ezitshalo futhi ivimbele ukunwebeka kwama-internode ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukukhula kwama-terminal buds. Kwenza isiqu sesitshalo sibe mfushane futhi sibe mkhulu, futhi kwandisa ukujiya kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll emaqabunga. Njengoba ngokuyinhloko ilawula ukuhlanganiswa kwe-gibberellins ezitshalweni, imiphumela yayo ingabuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa ama-gibberellins. Izidakamizwa ezivamile zokukhula kwezitshalo zihlanganisa: i-chlormequat, i-benzylamine, i-paclobutrazol, i-butyrohydrazide, i-uniconazole, i-trinexapac-ethyl, njll.
Ungasisebenzisa kanjani isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo?
1. Umthamo wesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kufanele ube ofanele futhi akufanele ukhuliswe ngokuthanda kwakho. Ukwandisa umthamo noma ukugxila ngokuthanda kwakho ngeke nje kuhluleke ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi kuzovimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi kuholele ngisho nokukhubazeka kwamaqabunga, amaqabunga omile nokufa kwaso sonke isitshalo.
2. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo asikwazi ukuxutshwa ngokuthanda kwakhe. Abalimi abaningi bavame ukuxuba izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo nezinye izivundisi, izibulala-zinambuzane, nezibulala-sikhunta. Ukuthi Isilawuli Sokukhula Kwezitshalo singahlanganiswa nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izinto kufanele kunqunywe ngokuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe ngemva kokufunda ngokucophelela imiyalelo. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke nje ihluleke ukukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho noma ukuvikela izimbali nezithelo, kodwa izophinde ibangele ukulimala ezitshalweni.
3. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokunengqondo. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kufanele silungiswe sibe yisixazululo sikamama kusengaphambili, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba nzima ukuxuba i-ejenti futhi kuzothinta ngqo umphumela wokusetshenziswa. Idinga ukuhlanjululwa ngokuvumelana neziqondiso lapho uyisebenzisa. Naka izinyathelo zokuzivikela lapho uyisebenzisa.
4. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo asikwazi ukuthatha indawo kamanyolo wamakhemikhali. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo singadlala indima yokulawula kuphela futhi ngeke sisetshenziswe esikhundleni sikamanyolo. Endabeni yamanzi nomanyolo onganele, ukufafaza isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kakhulu kuyingozi ezitshalweni.
Izinzuzo zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo
1. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo sinezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwe-Plant Growth Regulator ihlanganisa cishe zonke izitshalo eziphakeme neziphansi embonini yokutshala, futhi ilawula i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, ukumuncwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nendlela yokusebenza kwezitshalo, ukudluliswa kwamasignali, ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwe-stomata, nokulawula umfutho we-osmotic. , i-transpiration nezinye izinqubo ze-physiological, ngaleyo ndlela ilawula ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, ithuthukise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezitshalo nemvelo, ithuthukise ukumelana nengcindezi yezitshalo, ikhulise isivuno, futhi ithuthukise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezolimo.
2. Isilinganiso sincane, isivinini siyashesha, nokusebenza kahle kuphezulu. Izitshalo eziningi zidinga ukufafazwa kanye kuphela ngesikhathi esishiwo ngesikhathi sonyaka.
3. Ingakwazi ukulawula ngokuphindwe kabili izici zangaphandle kanye nezinqubo zangaphakathi zomzimba zezitshalo.
4. Okuhloswe kakhulu futhi professional. Ingaxazulula ezinye izinkinga okunzima ukuzixazulula ngezinye izindlela, njengokwakheka kwezithelo ezingenambewu.
Isifinyezo sesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo
Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bezolimo bendabuko, ukusetshenziswa kwesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo kunezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi, imiphumela esheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, nokonga abasebenzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kube ngesinye sezinyathelo ezibalulekile kwezolimo zanamuhla. Isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izitshalo zemali, izitshalo zokusanhlamvu namafutha, imifino, izihlahla zezithelo, izitshalo ze-horticultural, izinto zokwelapha zaseShayina, kanye nesikhunta esidliwayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane nemikhiqizo kamanyolo, ithuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo ngokushesha futhi inesilinganiso esikhulu sokuphumayo.
Ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezitshalo kuzodlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni noma ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo, ukwandisa isivuno, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo, njll., futhi kulungele ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo okukhulu nokunamandla. Ixubene nama-fungicides, umanyolo oncibilika emanzini, njll., futhi iyisekelo elibalulekile lokuhlanganisa amanzi nomanyolo.
