Izinhlobo nemisebenzi ye-hormone yokukhula kwezitshalo

Kunezinhlobo eziyisi-6 zamahomoni okukhula kwezitshalo, okuyi-auxin, i-Gibberellic Acid GA3, i-Cytokinin, i-ethylene, i-abscisic acid ne-brassinosteroids, i-BRs.

I-hormone yokukhula kwezitshalo, okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi amahomoni emvelo ezitshalo noma amahomoni esitshalo endogenous, kubhekisela enanini elithile lezinto eziphilayo ezikhiqizwa ezitshalweni ezingalawula (zikhuthaze, zivimbele) izinqubo zazo zomzimba.

1. Izinhlobo ze-hormone yokukhula kwezitshalo
Njengamanje kunezigaba ezinhlanu ezaziwayo zama-phytohormones, okuyi-auxin, i-Gibberellic Acid GA3, i-Cytokinin, i-ethylene, ne-abscisic acid. Muva nje, i-brassinosteroids (BRs) kancane kancane iye yaqashelwa njengesigaba sesithupha esikhulu sama-phytohormones.
1. auxin
(1) Ukutholwa: i-auxin iyi-hormone yesitshalo yakuqala etholakele.
(2) Ukusabalalisa: i-auxin isakazwa kabanzi ezitshalweni, kodwa isakazwa kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezikhula ngamandla nezincane. Okufana nalokhu: ithiphu lesiqu, ithiphu lezimpande, igumbi lokuvundisa, njll.
(3) Ezokuthutha: Kukhona ukuthutha kwe-polar (kungathuthwa kuphela kusukela ekupheleni okuphezulu kwe-morphology kuya ekugcineni okuphansi futhi akukwazi ukuthuthwa ngendlela ephambene) kanye nezimo zokuthutha ezingezona ze-polar. Esiqwini kudlula i-phloem, ku-coleoptile amaseli e-parenchyma, kanti eqabungeni lisemithanjeni.

2.I-Gibberellic Acid (GA3)
(1) Iqanjwe ngokuthi i-Gibberellic Acid GA3 ngo-1938; ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali kwahlonzwa ngo-1959.
(2) Indawo yokwenziwa: I-Gibberellic Acid GA3 ivamise ukutholakala ezitshalweni eziphakeme, futhi indawo enomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu we-Gibberellic Acid GA3 iyindawo yokukhula kwezitshalo.
(3) Ezokuthutha: I-Gibberellic Acid GA3 ayinakho ukuthutha kwe-polar ezitshalweni. Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa emzimbeni, ingahanjiswa ngezindlela ezimbili, yehle nge-phloem, futhi iye phezulu nge-xylem futhi ikhuphuke ngokugeleza kokuphefumula.

3. Cytokinin
(1) Ukutholwa: Kusukela ku-1962 kuya ku-1964, i-Cytokinin yemvelo yaqala ukuhlukaniswa nezinhlamvu zommbila omnandi ekuqaleni kokugcwalisa izinsuku ezingu-11 kuya kwezingu-16 ngemva kokukhulelwa, okuqanjwe i-zeatin kanye nesakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali.
(2) Ezokuthutha kanye ne-metabolism: I-Cytokinin ivame ukutholakala ekukhuleni ngamandla, ukuhlukanisa izicubu noma izitho, imbewu engakavuthwa, imbewu ehlumayo nezithelo ezikhulayo.

4. I-Abscisic acid
(1) Ukutholwa: Phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila kwesitshalo, uma izimo zokuphila zingafanele, ezinye izitho (njengezithelo, amaqabunga, njll.) zizowa; noma ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, amaqabunga azowa, ayeke ukukhula, futhi angene e-dormancy. Phakathi nalezi zinqubo, izitshalo zikhiqiza uhlobo lwe-hormone yezitshalo oluvimbela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa, okuyi-abscisic acid. Ngakho i-abscisic acid iyisignali yokuvuthwa kwembewu kanye nokumelana nokucindezeleka.
(2) Indawo yokwenziwa: I-Biosynthesis kanye ne-metabolism ye-abscisic acid. Izimpande, iziqu, amaqabunga, izithelo, kanye nembewu ezitshalweni konke kungahlanganisa i-abscisic acid.
(3) Ezokuthutha: i-abscisic acid ingathuthwa kokubili i-xylem ne-phloem. Iningi lithuthwa ku-phloem.

5.Ethylene
(1) I-Ethylene igesi elula kunomoya ezingeni lokushisa kanye nokucindezela kwemvelo yokuphila. Isebenza endaweni yokuhlanganiswa futhi ayithuthwa.
(2) Zonke izitho zezitshalo eziphakeme zingakhiqiza i-ethylene, kodwa inani le-ethylene elikhishwe lihlukile ezicutshini ezihlukene, izitho kanye nezigaba zokukhula. Isibonelo, izicubu ezivuthiwe zikhulula i-ethylene encane, kuyilapho ama-meristems, ukuhluma kwembewu, izimbali ezisanda kubuna nezithelo zikhiqiza i-ethylene eningi.

2. Imiphumela ye-physiological ye-hormone yokukhula kwezitshalo
1. I-Auxin:
Ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo. Thuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
2. I-Gibberellic Acid GA3:
Ithuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokwelulwa kwesiqu. Thuthukisa ukubopha nokuqhakaza. Phula i-dormancy. Khuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwezimbali zabesilisa futhi ukhuphule izinga lokumisa imbewu.
3. Cytokinin:
Ithuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Thuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwehlumela. Nyusa ukunwetshwa kweseli. Thuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwama-lateral buds futhi ukhulule inzuzo ye-apical.

3. Ingabe i-hormone yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo?
1. Ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo kuyi-hormone. I-hormone yokukhula yezitshalo ibhekisela kumakhemikhali okulandelela akhona ngokwemvelo ezitshalweni ezilawula futhi zilawule ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-Plant endogenous hormone.
2. Ukulawulwa kokukhula kwezitshalo kutholwa ngokuhlanganisa noma ngokukhipha, kanye nokuvutshelwa kwe-microbial, njll., futhi ngokuvamile kubizwa nangokuthi amahomoni e-Plant exogenous.
Okungukuthi, i-auxin, i-Gibberellic Acid (GA), i-Cytokinin (CTK), i-abscisic acid (ABA), i-ethyne (ETH) ne-brassinosteroid (BR). Zonke zingama-molecule amancane amakhompiyutha ezinto eziphilayo, kodwa imiphumela yawo yomzimba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, isukela ekuthinteni ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, ukunwetshwa, nokwehlukana kuya ekuthinteni ukuhluma kwezitshalo, ukumila kwezimpande, ukuqhakaza, ukuthela izithelo, ukuzimisela ubulili, ukulala, nokungalungi. Ngakho-ke, amahomoni ezitshalo adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo.